Nanotemplated platinum fuel cell catalysts and copper–tin lithium battery anode materials for microenergy devices

Nanotemplated materials have significant potential for applications in energy conversion and storage devices due to their unique physical properties. Nanostructured materials provide additional electrode surface area beneficial for energy conversion or storage applications with short path lengths for electronic and ionic transport and thus the possibility of higher reaction rates. We report on the use of controlled growth of metal and alloy electrodeposited templated nanostructures for energy applications. Anodic aluminium oxide templates fabricated on Si for energy materials integration with electronic devices and their use for fuel cell and battery materials deposition is discussed. Nanostructured Pt anode catalysts for methanol fuel cells are shown. Templated CuSn alloy anodes that possess high capacity retention with cycling for lithium microbattery integration are also presented.     

Production of egg-like silica sphere in a carbon shell and their oxidation to produce egg-tray structures with high ammonia adsorption

A simple synthesis protocol to prepare egg-like carbon-silica hybrids was developed where the size of a silica ball housed inside a carbon shell was tunable. An egg-tray type of carbon-silica hybrid was also made by the oxidation of egg-like carbon-silica hybrids. This oxidized hybrid has shown high ammonia adsorption capacity that is about 30 times more than the standard commercial adsorbent H-ZSM-5 (SiO₂/Al₂O₃=128).     

Simulation of Maximum Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic Systems

A PV （photovoltaic） solar panels exhibit non-linear current--voltage characteristics, and according to the MPT （maximum power transform） theory, it can produce maximum power at only one particular OP （operating point）; namely, when the source impedance matches with the load impedance, a match which cannot be guaranteed spontaneously. Furthermore, the MPP （maximum power point） changes with temperature and light intensity variations. Therefore, different algorithms have been developed for finding MPPT （maximum power point tracking） based on offline and online methods. Evaluating the performance of these algorithms for various PV systems operating under highly dynamic environments are essentials to ensure producing reliable, efficient, cost-effective and high performance systems. One possible approach for system evaluation is to use computer simulation. This paper addresses the use of Matlab software as a simulation tool for evaluating the performance of PV solar systems and finding the MPPT.     

Preparation of hydrophobic polymer particles by radical polymerization and subsequent modification into magnetically doped particles

The application potential of hydrophobic polymer is numerous. Lauryl methacrylate (LMA) having long alkyl chain is a commercially available hydrophobic monomer. In this investigation, poly‐LMA (PLMA) latex particles were prepared by suspension polymerization in aqueous media using 2,2′‐azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) in presence of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as steric stabilizer. The preparation kinetics was studied in detail in terms of percentage yield and particle size variation. Low glass transition temperature (～ ?65°C) associated with high flexibility did not allow electron micrographic observation though ¹H‐NMR and particle size measurement confirmed the formation of PLMA latex. To improve the glass transition temperature, aqueous emulsion copolymerization of LMA with methyl methacrylate (MMA) was carried out. The solubility of LMA was improved by adding ethanol to the aqueous phase. Two types of polymeric stabilizers, PVA and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) were used to stabilize the colloidal particles. The nature of the stabilizer affected both morphology and final rate of polymerization. The hydrophobic P(LMA‐MMA) copolymer particles were subsequently modified by nanosized magnetic (Fe₃O₄) particles by two different methods. The in situ formation of Fe₃O₄ particles in presence of P(LMA‐MMA) was found to be suitable for the preparation of magnetic latex particles. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), FTIR, transmission electron microscope (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used for the characterization of magnetically doped particles. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

A Mathematical Model for Potassium Sorbate Diffusion Through Whey Protein Films

A mathematical model was constructed and solved to quantitatively describe the dynamic behavior of the potassium sorbate diffusion through whey protein films. The model results were compared with the experimental data of the potassium sorbate diffusion through whey protein films, and excellent agreements between the experimental data and the model results are observed. The experimental data for potassium sorbate diffusion through whey protein films were used for mathematical model of potassium sorbate diffusion through whey protein films and the determination of both potassium sorbate and solvent diffusion coefficients. The diffusivities of potassium sorbate at 25°C ranged from 4.12 to 9.34 × 10^?11 m²/s, while that of the solvent was between 1.38 and 8.74 × 10^?10 m²/s, depending on the film composition.     

Grain Drying in a Paraboloid-Based Spouted Bed with and without Draft Tube

In this study, grain drying in a spherical-based spouted bed (SBSB), a cone-based spouted bed (CBSB), and a paraboloid-based spouted bed (PBSB) with and without draft tube was investigated. Spouted-bed bases with the same volume in different shapes—spherical, cone, and paraboloid—were used for the drying experiments to investigate the effect of the spouted-bed base shape on drying. The drying experiments were carried out with perforated and solid draft tubes. The effects of the distance between the gas inlet nozzle and the bottom of the draft tube (entrainment zone height) and the draft tube diameter as geometric parameters on drying were also investigated. It was seen that the geometrical shape of the contactor base influenced the drying time. The highest drying rate was achieved for drying in a paraboloid-based spouted bed. The results also showed that using a draft tube caused a significant increase in drying time. Because the perforated draft tube allows a higher gas flow rate through the annulus, it decreases the drying time when compared with the solid draft tube. Drying time decreased slightly with the decreasing height of the entrainment zone but draft tube diameter did not have a considerable effect on drying.     

Origin of anomalous octahedral distortions and collapse of magnetic ordering in Nd1−xSrxFeO3 (0≤x≤0.5)

The effects of strontium doping on the structural properties and magnetic ordering of Nd_1?xSr_xFeO₃ orthoferrite system have been studied by employing macroscopic and microscopic structural techniques like X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction confirmed that single phase materials have been synthesized. It has been observed that orthorhombic distortion, density and porosity have decreased; whereas, grain size, tolerance factor and symmetry have increased with increase in the strontium concentration. Mössbauer results showed an increase in the Fe⁴⁺/Fe³⁺ ratio, sagging and local octahedral distortions while decrease in the magnetic ordering with increase in the strontium content. The origin behind anomalous octahedral distortions in this system has been attributed to the decrease in the oxidation state and mismatch in the ionic radii of A-site cations and increase in the concentration of Fe⁴⁺, due to Sr²⁺ doping at Nd³⁺ sites. The collapse of magnetic ordering has been ascribed to the weakening of super-exchange interactions, dilution of strong long range magnetic sub-lattice of high spin Fe³⁺ (five unpaired electrons) by relatively lower spin of high spin Fe⁴⁺ (four unpaired electrons) and increase in the spin–spin relaxation frequency.     

Novel Green Liquor Pretreatment of Loblolly Pine Chips to Facilitate Enzymatic Hydrolysis into Fermentable Sugars for Ethanol Production

Abstract

Softwood species generally have been found very recalcitrant to enzymatic hydrolysis of the carbohydrate fractions to monomeric sugars. To solve this problem, loblolly pine chips were pretreated with green liquor at 12–20% Total Titratable Alkali (TTA) (as Na₂O on wood) at 170°C for 800 H-factor. The yield of resulting pulp was 76.5–78.6% and the lignin content decreased from 29.2 to 20.2–22.4% and the total polysaccharide decreased from 62.6 to 53.8–55.0%, all based on the weight of original wood. When the pulp was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using 40 Filter Paper Unit (FPU)/g pulp, only 41% of the polysaccharides in wood were converted to monomeric sugars. This conversion figure is much lower than that of mixed southern hardwoods (80%) treated under similar conditions. If the green liquor treated pulp was further subjected to either oxygen delignification or mechanical refining prior to the enzymatic hydrolysis, the conversion rate increased to around 55% and 60%, respectively. Furthermore, combination of oxygen delignification and refining further increased the total sugar conversion to 78% of the total sugar in wood, approximately equal to that of the mixed southern hardwoods.     

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE PERFORMANCE OF CONVENTIONAL AND HIGH-METAL Co-Mo AND Ni-Mo CATALYSTS IN DEEP DESULFURIZATION OF KUWAIT ATMOSPHERIC GAS OIL

ABSTRACT

Due to environmental constraints, sulfur content of diesel fuel has been restricted to very low levels (500 ppm maximum) in many countries. As a result, a greater emphasis has been placed in recent years on the development of catalysts and processes for deep desulfurization of diesel blending streams to produce low sulfur diesel fuel. In the present work we have compared the performance of a conventional Co-Mo catalyst with that of high metal loading Co-Mo and Ni-Mo catalysts in deep desulfurization of Kuwait atmospheric gas oil. The tests were carried out in a fixed bed reactor unit using 75 ml of catalyst under the conditions: P=32 bar; LHSV = 4h^?1; H₂/oil ratio = 100 ml/ml; temperature range = 330 ? 390°C. HDS activity of the high molybdenum Co-Mo catalyst was superior to that of the conventional Co-Mo hydrotreating catalyst. High metal loading Co-Mo/Al₂O₃ catalyst also showed a substantially higher HDS activity than the Ni-Mo/Al₂O₃ catalyst containing a similar high metal loading. The unreacted sulfur compounds remaining in the product after high severity hydrotreating were identified as dibenzothiophenes with alkyl substituents next to the sulfur atom. The desulfiirization of such low reactive alkyl dibenzothiophenes was found to occur at a substantially lower temperature over the high metal loading Co-Mo catalyst compared with the conventional Co-Mo catalyst. The results have been explained on the basis of the stacking and dispersion of MoS₂ slabs as well as in terms of the nature of the sulfur vacancies in the MoS₂ layers in these catalyst systems.