CrN, Cr-O-N and Cr-O coatings with different oxygen contents were produced with reactive cathodic arc physical vapor deposition on high speed steel substrates. The temperature dependent friction and wear behaviours of these coatings were investigated within the temperature range of 25-100 °C. The results of the study showed that it is possible to produce CrN coatings with temperature independent, low coefficient of friction (CoF) and wear behavior by introducing oxygen into them. The amount of oxygen in the coating played a critical role on the tribological behavior. Only, in the coatings produced with oxygen content higher than 46%, a temperature independent wear behavior was observed. The structure and chemistry of the coatings and wear tracks were investigated with XRD and micro Raman spectroscopy. The coatings, with an oxygen content higher than 46%, consisted of Cr2O3 and other compounds that are giving broad Raman shifts between 675-834 cm− 1. With the presence of compounds giving Raman shifts at 675-834 cm− 1, in the film and/or in the wear track, it became possible to achieve films with temperature independent, low CoF and wear behavior. 相似文献
Published data on 48 different rocks are used to evaluate the correlations between the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) values and the corresponding results of point load, Schmidt hammer, sound velocity and impact strength tests. The variability of test results for each test and each rock type was evaluated by calculating the coefficient of variation. Using the method of least squares regression, the UCS values were correlated with the other test values. Also, the test methods were evaluated by plotting the estimated values of compressive strength vs. the measured values of compressive strength for each test. The results indicate that the least variability is shown in the impact strength test. So, among the test methods included in this study, the impact strength test is the most reproducible test; but the variability of test results for the other test methods is within acceptable limits for most engineering purposes. Strong linear relations between the point load strength index values and the UCS values were found for the coal measure rocks and the other rocks included in this study. The Schmidt hammer and the sound velocity tests exhibit significant non-linear correlations with the compressive strength of rock. In the sound velocity test, the data points are scattered at higher strength values. There is no clear relation between the impact strength values and the compressive strength values for the coal measure rocks. A weak non-linear correlation was found between the impact strength values and the compressive strength values for the other rocks. All test methods evaluated in this study, except the impact strength, provide reliable estimate of the compressive strength of rock. However, the prediction equations derived by different researchers are dependent on rock types and test conditions, as they are in this study. 相似文献
Four asymmetry measurements (conventional coherence function (CCF), cross wavelet correlation (CWC), phase lag index (PLI), and mean phase coherence (MPC)) have been compared to each other for the first time in order to recognize emotional states (pleasant (P), neutral (N), unpleasant (UP)) from controls in EEG sub-bands (delta (0–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–16 Hz), beta (16–32 Hz), gamma (32–64 Hz)) mediated by affective pictures from the International Affective Picture Archiving System (IAPS). Eight emotional features, computed as hemispheric asymmetry between eight electrode pairs (Fp1 − Fp2, F7 − F8, F3 − F4, C3 − C4, T7 − T8, P7 − P8, P3 − P4, and O1 − O2), have been classified by using data mining methods. Results show that inter-hemispheric emotional functions are mostly mediated by gamma. The best classification is provided by a neural network classifier, while the best features are provided by CWC in time-scale domain due to non-stationary nature of electroencephalographic (EEG) series. The highest asymmetry levels are provided by pleasant pictures at mostly anterio-frontal (F3 − F4) and central (C3 − C4) electrode pairs in gamma. Inter-hemispheric asymmetry levels are changed by each emotional state at all lobes. In conclusion, we can state the followings: (1) Nonlinear and wavelet transform-based methods are more suitable for characterization of EEG; (2) The highest difference in hemispheric asymmetry was observed among emotional states in gamma; (3) Cortical emotional functions are not region-specific, since all lobes are effected by emotional stimuli at different levels; and (4) Pleasant stimuli can strongly mediate the brain in comparison to unpleasant and neutral stimuli.
The performance-based optimum seismic design of steel frames is one of the most complicated and computationally demanding structural optimization problems. Metaheuristic optimization methods have been successfully used for solving engineering design problems over the last three decades. A very recently developed metaheuristic method called school-based optimization (SBO) will be utilized in the performance-based optimum seismic design of steel frames for the first time in this study. The SBO actually is an improved/enhanced version of teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO), which mimics the teaching and learning process in a class where learners interact with the teacher and between themselves. Ad hoc strategies are adopted in order to minimize the computational cost of SBO results. The objective of the optimization problem is to minimize the weight of steel frames under interstory drift and strength constraints. Three steel frames previously designed by different metaheuristic methods including particle swarm optimization, improved quantum particle swarm optimization, firefly and modified firefly algorithms, teaching–learning-based optimization, and JAYA algorithm are used as benchmark optimization examples to verify the efficiency and robustness of the present SBO algorithm. Optimization results are compared with those of other state-of-the-art metaheuristic algorithms in terms of minimum structural weight, convergence speed, and several statistical parameters. Remarkably, in all test problems, SBO finds lighter designs with less computational effort than the TLBO and other methods available in metaheuristic optimization literature.
Process performance can be analyzed by using process capability indices (PCIs), which are summary statistics to depict the process location and dispersion successfully. Although they are very usable statistics, they have some limitations which prevent a deep and flexible analysis because of the crisp measurements and specification limits (SLs). If the specification limits or measurements are expressed by linguistic variables, traditional PCIs cause some misleading results. In this paper, the fuzzy set theory is used to add more information and flexibility to process capability analyses (PCA). For this aim, linguistic definition of the quality characteristic measurements are converted to fuzzy numbers and fuzzy PCIs are produced based on these measurements and fuzzy specification limits (SLs). Also fuzzy control charts are derived for fuzzy measurements of the related quality characteristic. They are used to increase the accuracy of PCA by determining whether or not the process is in statistical control. The fuzzy formulation of the indices Cp and Cpk, which are the most used two traditional PCIs, are produced when SLs and measurements are both triangular (TFN) and trapezoidal fuzzy numbers (TrFN). The proposed methodologies are applied in a piston manufacturer in Konya’s Industrial Area, Turkey. 相似文献