Biocompatibility evaluation in vitro. Part I: Morphology expression and proliferation of human and rat osteoblasts on the biomaterials

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Mechanism for the Peritectic Reaction and Growth of Aligned Grains in YBa2Cu3O6+x

It is experimentally observed that the peritectic reaction, 211 + liquid → 123, can be driven essentially to completion in 1 h at an undercooling of only ∽30°C. The kinetic data, together with the observed microstructures, are inconsistent with the normal mechanism of the peritectic reaction. It is proposed that the mechanism of the reaction involves dissolution of 211 particles into the liquid and precipitation of solid 123. The aligned grain structure is explained through sympathetic nucleation of new 123 grains on existing grains.     

Preparation,crystallization behavior,and dynamic mechanical property of nanocomposites based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) and exfoliated graphite nanoplate

Nanocomposites based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and exfoliated graphite nanoplate (xGnP) were prepared by solution precipitation method. The resulting nanocomposites were investigated with respect to their structure and properties by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, and dynamic mechanical analysis. Both SEM and TEM examinations confirmed the good dispersion of xGnP in the PVDF matrix. The nonisothermal crystallization behavior of the PVDF/xGnP nanocomposites was studied using DSC technique at various cooling rates. The results indicated that the xGnPs in nanometer size might act as nucleating agents and accelerated the overall nonisothermal crystallization process. Meanwhile, the incorporation of xGnP significantly improved the storage modulus of the PVDF/xGnP nanocomposites. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

SAG mill system diagnosis using multivariate process variable analysis

Semi‐autogenous grinding (SAG) of ore plays a critical role in a mineral processing plant. In SAG operations, abnormal conditions, such as overload or insufficient ore holdup, often result in inefficient production and unstable operation. It is, therefore, essential to monitor the process using effective technology so that abnormal or faulty conditions can be detected and addressed in a timely manner. In this study, investigation is focused on applying multivariate analysis in the monitoring and diagnosing of an industrial SAG operation. The results show that principal component analysis provides an effective methodology for on‐line monitoring and diagnosis. The detection and removal of faulty conditions will help to provide stable and cost‐efficient operation.     

A fully bio-based monomer derived from undecylenic acid,glycerol, and CO2 useful for the synthesis of polyhydroxyurethanes

Undecylenic acid, glycerol, and CO₂ were used as building blocks for obtaining a fully bio-based carbonated monomer, useful for polyurethanes. The functionality of the monomer was close to 3 cyclic carbonates/mol, located in terminal positions. In a first stage, a synthetic triglyceride was obtained with 99% selectivity by esterification of glycerol and undecylenic acid at 160°C. The triglyceride was then epoxidized using H₂O₂ and Amberlyst 15 or Amberlite IR-120 acidic exchange resins at 57°C. The selectivity to epoxide was kept constant at 98% using Amberlite IR-120. Terminal cyclic carbonates were then inserted through epoxide moieties under mild conditions by the chemical fixation of CO₂ at 80°C and 6 MPa in 6 h. A complete conversion was obtained in 6 h reaction while the selectivity to carbonate groups was near to 99% during all the reaction time. An elastomeric polyhydroxyurethane was obtained by aminolysis of the carbonated monomer with ethylenediamine at 70°C, affording a Young's modulus of 22.6 MPa and T_g of −15.2°C. The material showed a good thermal stability below 240°C.     

Transport phenomena in electrolyte solutions: Nonequilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics

The theory of transport phenomena in multicomponent electrolyte solutions is presented here through the integration of continuum mechanics, electromagnetism, and nonequilibrium thermodynamics. The governing equations of irreversible thermodynamics, including balance laws, Maxwell's equations, internal entropy production, and linear laws relating the thermodynamic forces and fluxes, are derived. Green–Kubo relations for the transport coefficients connecting electrochemical potential gradients and diffusive fluxes are obtained in terms of the flux–flux time correlations. The relationship between the derived transport coefficients and those of the Stefan–Maxwell and infinitely dilute frameworks are presented, and the connection between the transport matrix and experimentally measurable quantities is described. To exemplify the application of the derived Green–Kubo relations in molecular simulations, the matrix of transport coefficients for lithium and chloride ions in dimethyl sulfoxide is computed using classical molecular dynamics and compared with experimental measurements.     

Wettability of Silica Substrates by Silver–Copper Based Brazing Alloys inVacuo

The sessile drop method has been used to determine the time dependence of the contact angle at 850°C in vacuo for Ag–28 wt% Cu, Ag–35 wt% Cu–1.5 wt% Ti, and Ag–27 wt% Cu–12 wt% In–2 wt% Ti on vitreous and devitrified fused quartz substrates. Nonwetting behavior (θ > 90°) was observed for Ag–28 wt% Cu on both substrates with no evident effect of time at temperature. The silica substrate structure, whether crystalline or amorphous, as well as its surface condition, whether smooth or rough, made no significant difference. In contrast, with Ag–35 wt% Cu–1.5 wt% Ti and Ag–27 wt% Cu–12 wt% In–2 wt% Ti the contact angle continuously decreased with time for both silica substrates, and the structure and surface condition of the substrates had a negligible effect in the case of Ag–27 wt% Cu–12 wt% In–2 wt% Ti, which produced essentially the same contact angles on both silica substrates at a given time of hold at 850°C. The contact angles produced by Ag–35 wt% Cu–1.5 wt% Ti on devitrified fused quartz were consistently higher than those produced on the vitreous substrates, with increasing holding time at 850°C. This is attributable to the presence of extensive cracks in the α-cristobalite layer at the surface of the devitrified substrates, which obstruct wetting and spreading. These results, when correlated with the wettability of preoxidized silicon carbide by the same alloys reported in previous work, could account for the adverse effect on wetting of the high-temperature silica films formed on the surface of the SiC in that work.     

Alumina–Aluminide Alloys (3A) Technology: I, Model Development

The general reaction behavior of the 3A process under the thermal explosion mode of synthesis has been investigated via a continuum model. The continuum model uses mass and energy balances to predict temperature difference ( T _s,avg− T _f) curves, as well as profile curves of the reactant conversions and sample temperature. In particular, the effect of the dimensionless parameters associated with the rate of local heat generation (β, the thermicity factor), the activation energy (γ, the Arrhenius number), the rate of heat redistribution (α, the modified thermal diffusivity), the rate of heat transfer by convection (Bi, the Biot number or convective heat transfer parameter), and the rate of heat transfer by radiation (Ω, the radiative heat transfer parameter) were investigated. Conditions to control the reaction process, which should produce high-density final products, were determined. It was found that the overall maximum temperature may be reduced for high γ, low β, high α, and high Bi and Ω. In terms of processing conditions, this may be obtained by reducing the initial reactant concentrations, optimizing the particle size, using small sample sizes and high compaction pressure, and increasing the heat loss by using a high thermal conductivity inert gas.     

Influence of seed polymer molecular weight on polymerization kinetics and particle morphology of structured styrene–butadiene latexes

Heterogeneous film‐forming latexes were prepared using two‐stage, seeded emulsion polymerization. The polymerization was performed in a calorimetric reactor with a control unit that monitored the reaction rate and controlled the charging rate of the monomers. Three types of styrene seed latexes were prepared at 70°C. The first was an unmodified polystyrene (PS) latex. The second had the molecular weight lowered by the use of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) as a chain‐transfer agent, added at the start of the polymerization. For the third one, divinylbenzene (DVB) was used as a comonomer. DVB was added under starved conditions near the end of the polymerization to achieve crosslinked particle shells and to introduce double bonds as possible grafting sites. The second polymerization step was performed at 80°C as a batch operation in a 200‐mL calorimeter reactor. The second‐stage polymer was poly(styrene‐co‐butadiene‐co‐methacrylic acid) (S/B/MAA). A fixed S/B ratio was used together with varying small amounts of MAA. Particle morphology and particle‐size distributions were examined after the second stage using TEM after staining with osmium tetroxide. The particle morphology was found to depend on both the seed composition and the amount of MAA used in the second stage. Molecular weight and crosslinking of the DVB‐containing seed influenced the internal particle viscosity, which gave differences in the polymerization rate and the particle morphology. Crosslinking of the second‐stage polymer decreased the monomer concentration in the particles, which could be detected as a change in the slope the pressure/conversion curve. This phenomenon was used to indicate the critical conversion for crosslinking of the second‐stage polymer. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 297–311, 2000