澳门1999-2009——回归后第一个十年之建筑与城市

本期专辑描绘了澳门从1999年-2009年主权从葡萄牙管辖下回归祖国之后10年间的建筑与城市化进程。在这期间,澳门作为一个特别行政区经历了非凡的10年,在这10年间,澳门的发展是意义深远的,这次的主题也同样跟随澳门的发展方向转变,是从1990年代的＂文化之城＂到＂亚洲的拉斯维加斯＂和将来有可能的＂知识之城＂这样的顺序展开的。     

From salad to bowl: The role of sensory analysis in product experience research

Methods originally developed for the sensory evaluation of foods are increasingly being applied to other product categories, ranging from personal care products to car interiors and air conditioning units. Furthermore, because an increasing number of food products tend to be available in packages from which they can be consumed directly, the sensory properties of packages have become an integral part of consumers’ food experiences and require thorough investigation. In addition, food consumption in everyday life takes place within a physical, social, and cultural context. This asks for a reconsideration of the role of sensory analysis in the product development process. To seduce consumers in highly saturated markets, products should not only provide good quality and be appealing, but they should offer interesting and engaging experiences. Therefore, research on sensory evaluation needs to be linked to research on product aesthetics, product meaning, and product emotions. Capturing the entire consumer experience requires an integral approach, in which research approaches from various academic fields are combined and integrated. For this approach to succeed in industrial companies, many different departments will need to work together in close cooperation.     

Numerical Study of Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer of Nanofluids in Pipes

In this work, Nusselt number and friction factor are calculated numerically for turbulent pipe flow (Reynolds number between 6000 and 12000) with constant heat flux boundary condition using nanofluids. The nanofluid is modeled with the single-phase approach and the simulation results are compared with correlations from experimental data. Ethylene glycol and water, 60:40 EG/W mass ratio, as base fluid and SiO₂ nanoparticles are used as nanofluid with particle volume concentrations ranging from 0% to 10%. Nusselt number predictions for the nanofluid are in agreement with experimental results and a conventional single-phase correlation. The mean deviation is in the range of ?5%. Friction factor values show a mean deviation of 0.5% to a conventional single-phase correlation, however, they differ considerably from the nanofluid experimental data. The results indicate that the nanofluid requires more pumping power than the base fluid for high particle concentrations and Reynolds numbers on the basis of equal heat transfer rate.     

Looking hot or feeling hot: What determines the product experience of warmth?

Warmth is an important characteristic for clothes, home interior and some leisure related products. We used an experimental approach to determine the relative importance of material and colour for the product experience of warmth. We designed products (scarves and breakfast trays) using warm and cold stimuli (colours and materials) in four different combinations and asked respondents to evaluate the warmth and pleasantness of each product. The results demonstrated that both colour and material contribute equally to the judgments of warmth in both products. However, the pleasantness of a product could not be predicted on the basis of the pleasantness attributed to its colour and material. A follow-up interview study distinguished between the literal and figurative meanings of warmth. The literal meaning is related to physical warmth and comfort. The figurative meaning is associated with social interaction, intimacy and friendly atmosphere. The figurative meaning was mentioned more often in association with products than the literal meaning.     

Probing the dynamics of nanoparticle growth in a flame using synchrotron radiation

Flame synthesis is one of the most versatile and promising technologies for large-scale production of nanoscale materials. Pyrolysis has recently been shown to be a useful route for the production of single-walled nanotubes, quantum dots and a wide variety of nanostructured ceramic oxides for catalysis and electrochemical applications. An understanding of the mechanisms of nanostructural growth in flames has been hampered by a lack of direct observations of particle growth, owing to high temperatures (2,000 K), rapid kinetics (submillisecond scale), dilute growth conditions (10(-6) volume fraction) and optical emission of synthetic flames. Here we report the first successful in situ study of nanoparticle growth in a flame using synchrotron X-ray scattering. The results indicate that simple growth models, first derived for colloidal synthesis, can be used to facilitate our understanding of flame synthesis. Further, the results indicate the feasibility of studies of nanometre-scale aerosols of toxicological and environmental concern.     

Diterpene structure elucidation from 13cnmr spectra with inductive logic programming

We present a novel application ofInductive Logic Programming (ILP) to the problem of diterpene structure elucidation from 13 CNMR spectra. Diterpenes are organic compounds oflow molecular weight with a skeleton of 20 carbon atoms. They are of significant chemical and commercial interest because oftheir use as lead compounds in the search for new pharmaceutical effectors. The interpretation of diterpene 13 CNMR spectra normally requires specialists with detailed spectroscopic knowledge and substantial experience in natural products chemistry, specifically knowledge on peak patterns and chemical structures. Given a database ofpeak patterns for diterpenes with known structure, we apply several ILP approaches to discover correlations between peak patterns and chemical structure. The approaches used include first - order inductive learning, relational instance based learning, induction oflogical decision trees, and inductive constraint logic. Performance close to that of domain experts is achieved, which suffices for practical use.     

High-sensitivity and high-resolution low-energy ion scattering

Low-Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS or ISS) is used to selectively analyze the atomic composition of the outer atomic layer of surfaces. In addition, the spectrum gives (non-destructively) the in-depth distribution. Using a double toroidal energy analyzer with parallel energy detection and time-of-flight filtering a high sensitivity and mass resolution of LEIS is achieved. This is demonstrated for a highly dispersed catalyst of Pt/Au on γ-alumina. The improved depth resolution is illustrated for self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiols (12-20 carbon atoms) on gold. Even for these low Z carbon atoms a clear shift of 8 eV/carbon atom is observed (using 1.5 keV ⁴He⁺ ion scattering). This opens many new possibilities for studies of ultra-thin diffusion barriers, high-k dielectrics and biosensors.     

Daily dietary lithium intake in Belgium using duplicate portion sampling

 For the first time, daily dietary lithium intake for adults in Belgium has been evaluated by duplicate portion sampling, the heating of the samples in a microwave oven and atomic absorption spectrometric determination of the element. The mean intake value for adults (8.6±4.6 μg/day) is very low compared to the scarce literature data. Since the lithium requirement of humans and animals is still unknown, no comparison could be made with RDA values.