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41.
Tae Hyon Kim Kiyohiro Goto Hiroki Igarashi Kazuyuki Kon Noritaka Sato Fumitoshi Matsuno 《Artificial Life and Robotics》2012,16(4):514-518
Recently, many research projects and competitions have attempted to find an autonomous mobile robot that can drive in the
real world. In this article, we consider a path-planning method for an autonomous mobile robot that would be safe in a real
environment. In such a case, it is very important for the robot to be able to identify its own position and orientation in
real time. Therefore, we applied a localization method based on a particle filter. Moreover, in order to improve the safety
of such autonomous locomotion, we improved the path-planning algorithm and the generation of the trajectory so that it can
consider a region with a limited maximum velocity. In order to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method, we participated
in the Real World Robot Challenge 2010. The experimental results are given. 相似文献
42.
Tomotaka Hashimoto Nobuo Ishizawa Nobuyasu Mizutani Masanori Kato 《Journal of Materials Science》1988,23(3):1102-1105
The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficient was measured on single crystals of La1–x
Ca
x
MnO3(0 <x 0.3) and La1–x
Sr
x
MnO 3 (0 <x 0.4) grown by the arc-image floating zone method. The electrical conduction for La1–x
crystals withx 0.2 was of the activation type aboveT
c and of the degenerate type belowT
c, while that for the crystal withx = 0.1 was of the activation type over the whole measured temperature range between –170 and 400°C. The conduction behaviour of La1–
x
Sr
x
MnO3 was essentially the same as that of La1–x
Ca
x
MnO3 except that the conduction of the crystals withx = 0.3 and 0.4 was of the degenerate type aboveT
c. A distinct difference in Seebeck data was observed between the calcium and the strontium compounds. 相似文献
43.
Compositions of surface films formed on nickel and Alloy 600 in I M HCI, 0.5 M H2SO4 and I/3 M H3PO1 solutions were investigated as a function of polarization potential. The main constituent of surface films formed on Ni in 0.5 M H2SO4 or 1/3 M H3PO4 solution was hydrated nickel oxyhydroxide, in which the ratio of O2 to OH− increased when passivation occurred. The surface films formed on Ni and Alloy 600 at lower potentials in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution contain S2 ions other than SOP42− ions, whereas S2− ions were not incorporated in the passive film. Passivation of Alloy 600 took place by the formation of hydrated chromium oxyhydroxide. Pitting led to no substantial change in the average composition of the film. 相似文献
44.
Importance of initial surface film in the degradation of stainless steels by atmospheric exposure 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The surface compositions of stainless steels types 304, 316, 430, and 444 combined with four types of surface finishes, 2B finish, hairline polishing, mirror polishing, and bright annealing, were measured by ICP-AES, EPMA, and XPS before exposure. The surface finish that most enriched the chromic species in the surface film was mirror polishing, followed by bright annealing, 2B finish, and hairline polishing. The order of corrosion-resistance was type 444, type 316, type 304, and type 430. The surface compositions were correlated with the rating number and pitting depth after exposure to atmospheric environments. The rating number had a high positive correlation with the concentration of Cr in the surface film, and had a slight correlation with the near-surface composition measured by EPMA at 12 kV, but did not show any correlation with bulk composition within the composition range covered in the present work. This same trend was observed for pitting depth. It was concluded that the cationic concentration of Cr in the surface film before atmospheric exposure is the prime factor in controlling the resistance of stainless steels to atmospheric corrosion. 相似文献
45.
The NMR spectra of olefinic protons in the four representative conjugated fatty acid methyl esters, methylcis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoate, methyltrans-9,trans-11-octadecadienoate, methyl α eleostearate, and methyl β eleostearate, were studied. The chemical shift of each olefinic
proton in these compounds was determined by considering their intramolecular environment. Coupling constants were also obtained
as the results of spectral analysis. 相似文献
46.
Fate of the chlorine and fluorine in a sub-bituminous coal during pyrolysis and gasification 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The fate of the chlorine and fluorine present in a sub-bituminous coal from Indonesia during pyrolysis and gasification has been studied with fixed and entrained bed reactors. The rate profile for HCl evolved in the temperature programmed pyrolysis exhibits the main and shoulder peaks at 480 and 600 °C, respectively. Model experiments and subsequent Cl 2p XPS measurements show that HCl reacts with metal impurities and carbon active sites at 500 °C to be retained as inorganic and organic chlorine forms, from which HCl evolves again at elevated temperatures. It is suggested that the HCl observed in the coal pyrolysis may originate from the above-mentioned chlorine functionalities formed by secondary reactions involving the nascent char. In the CO2 gasification of the 900 °C char at 1000 °C and 2.5 MPa, any measurable amounts of HCl and HF could not be detected even at a high conversion of 75 wt% (daf), suggesting the accumulation of these halogens in the residual char. When the coal is injected into an O2-blown, entrained bed gasifier at 1200-1400 °C under 2.6 MPa, the partial oxidation proceeds to a larger extent at a higher O2/coal ratio, whereas the chlorine and fluorine are enriched in the remaining char, and the extent of the enrichment at the latter stage of gasification is larger with the fluorine. The XPS measurements of the chars reveal the presence of the broad F 1 s peak, which can cover a wide range of binding energies attributable to inorganic and organic fluorine. The halogen enrichment during gasification is discussed in terms of secondary reactions of HCl and HF with char. 相似文献
47.
48.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to investigate the effect of the composition and thickness of surface film on the electrocatalytic properties for chlorine gas evolution on amorphous Pd-Ti-P alloy in NaCl solution. The amount of charge for gas evolution exhibited a wavy change with an increase in polarization potential. The gas evolution became active with an increase in palladium content of the surface film and slowed down with increases of titanium and phosphorus contents of the film. However, despite the fact that the formation of surface film consisting mainly of titanium as a cation in the potential region higher than 1.6 V (sce), the catalytic activity for gas evolution increased, suggesting the change in the gas evolution mechanism in the higher potential region. 相似文献
49.
N. Kumagai A. Kawashima K. Asami K. Hashimoto 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》1986,16(4):565-574
The anodic characteristics of a variety of amorphous palladium-base alloys were examined with a view to their use for the production of sodium hypochlorite by electrolysis of dilute sodium chloride solutions at ambient temperature. The corrosion resistance of palladium-metalloid alloys was obtained by alloying with platinum group metals and/or valve metals. Among these alloys, rhodium-containing alloys showed high electrocatalytic activities for chlorine evolution. Surface activation treatment was, however, necessary to obtain sufficiently high activities for chlorine evolution at low overpotentials. Surface-activated amorphous alloys possessed considerably higher current efficiency for chlorine evolution in comparison with currently used anodes. 相似文献
50.
A correlation of the catalytic activity for anodic chlorine evolution of platinum group metals to the nature of the surface film formed during chlorine evolution in a sodium chloride solution was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The change in the surface film with increasing potential was found on platinum, including an increase in the cationic valence. This seemed responsible for the decrease in the activity for chlorine evolution on platinum in the high potential region. Increasing potential did not result in the appreciable increase in the cationic valence in the surface film on the other platinum group metals. Replacement of hydroxyl ions in the surface film by chloride ions became easier in the order of rhodium, iridium and palladium, and the activity for anodic chlorine evolution increased in this order due possibly to an increase in the amount of chloride ions in the film which seemed to be one of the reactants in the rate determining electrochemical desorption of adsorbed chlorine atom. Chlorine molecules adsorbed on the surface film were also found. It was assumed that the activity for anodic chlorine evolution might be low when the metal surface was covered by a large amount of molecular chlorine which was the reaction product. 相似文献