Boiling behaviors and critical heat flux on a horizontal plate in saturated pool boiling of water at high pressures

Observations of boiling behaviors and measurements of critical heat flux (CHF) were carried out for saturated water boiling on a horizontal, upward-facing plate at pressures from atmospheric to 7 MPa. The primary bubbles diminish in size almost in inverse proportion to pressure and commence to coalesce in the very low heat flux region. The diameter of detached coalesced bubbles increases with increases in the heat flux and reaches about 10 mm even at a pressure of 5 MPa. Detachment frequency of the coalesced bubbles was unaffected by the heat flux and pressure. The CHF predicted based on the macrolayer dryout model agrees well with the measured data.     

Density functional theory (DFT) study on the effects of Li doping on electronic states of graphene

The electronic structures of a lithium ion (Li⁺) doped-graphene at the ground and low-lying excited states have been investigated by means of density functional theory (DFT) method. A graphene composed of 19 benzene rings was used as a model of graphene, while the edge carbon atom was terminated by hydrogen atom (expressed by C₅₄H₁₈). The geometry optimization showed that the Li⁺ ion binds to a hexagonal site where six carbon atoms interact equivalently to the Li⁺ ion. When the Li⁺ ion interacts with the graphene surface, the electronic configuration of the Li⁺ ion is changed from (1s)²(2s)⁰ to (1s)²(2s)^0.01(2p)⁰(3p)^0.02, suggesting that the sp-hybridization of lithium ion is important in the adsorption to the graphene surface. The band gap of graphene is slightly red-shifted by the doping of Li⁺ ion due to the interaction with the sp-hybrid orbital. The effects of Li⁺ on both the ground and excited electronic states of graphene were discussed on the basis of theoretical results.     

Studies on pool boiling heat transfer (modification of correlation of macrolayer thickness and measurements of macrolayer thickness at low heat fluxes)

The macrolayer thickness at critical heat flux has been determined based on the energy balance relation q_CHF=ρ_lH_fgδ_l·f, with measurements of the critical heat flux and the detachment frequency of vapor masses (coalesced bubbles) for various liquids at pressures from 0.05 MPa to 0.35 MPa for upward and vertical 20 mm diameter disk heaters. The macrolayer thickness correlation proposed in the fourth report of this series by Kumada and Sakashita [Trans. JSME, 58 (552) (1992), 2505] was modified with the data obtained in the present report. Macrolayer thicknesses at low heat fluxes for water and ethanol under atmospheric pressure were also measured while changing the orientation of the heating surface from vertical to downward. The measured macrolayers at low heat fluxes were thinner than those obtained from existing data measured by a probe method in the nucleate boiling region and agreed fairly well with the proposed correlation. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25 (8): 522–536, 1996     

Terahertz Frequency-Domain Spectroscopy of Low-Pressure Acetonitrile Gas by a Photomixing Terahertz Synthesizer Referenced to Dual Optical Frequency Combs

A terahertz (THz) frequency synthesizer based on photomixing of two near-infrared lasers with a sub-THz to THz frequency offset is a powerful tool for spectroscopy of polar gas molecules due to its broad spectral coverage; however, its frequency accuracy and resolution are relatively low. To tune the output frequency continuously and widely while maintaining its traceability to a frequency standard, we developed a photomixing THz synthesizer phase-locked to dual optical frequency combs (OFCs). While the phase-locking to dual OFCs ensured continuous tuning within a spectral range of 120 GHz, in addition to the traceability to the frequency standard, use of a broadband uni-traveling carrier photodiode for photomixing enabled the generation of CW-THz radiation within a frequency range from 0.2 to 1.5 THz. We demonstrated THz frequency-domain spectroscopy of gas-phase acetonitrile CH₃CN and its isotope CH₃ ¹³CN in the frequency range of 0.600–0.720 THz using this THz synthesizer. Their rotational transitions were assigned with a frequency accuracy of 8.42?×?10^?8 and a frequency resolution of 520 kHz. Furthermore, the concentration of the CH₃CN gas at 20 Pa was determined to be (5.41?±?0.05)?×?10¹⁴ molecules/cm³ by curve fitting analysis of the measured absorbance spectrum, and the mixture ratio of the mixed CH₃CN/CH₃ ¹³CN gas was determined to be 1:2.26 with a gas concentration of 10¹⁴–10¹⁵ molecules/cm³. The developed THz synthesizer is highly promising for high-precision THz-FDS of low-pressure molecular gases and will enable the qualitative and quantitative analyses of multiple gases.     

Pressure effect on CHF enhancement in pool boiling of nanofluids

This paper investigates critical heat flux (CHF) in saturated pool boiling for water and TiO₂ nanofluid on a 7-mm-diameter vertical copper surface at pressures of 0.1–0.8 MPa. The nanofluid was prepared by dispersing 0.002 wt% TiO₂ nanoparticles in deionized water. The CHF of the nanofluid was enhanced about two times over that of water boiling at atmospheric pressure. With the increasing pressure, however, the CHF enhancement with the nanofluid decreases, and almost disappears at 0.8 MPa.     

Improvement in image quality of a 5.8‐in. OTFT‐driven flexible AMOLED display

Abstract— The image quality of an OTFT‐driven flexible AMOLED display has been improved by enhancing the performance of OTFTs and OLEDs. To reduce the operating voltage of OTFTs on a plastic film, Ta²O⁵ with a high dielectric constant was used as a gate insulator. The organic semiconductor layer of the OTFT was successfully patterned by a polymer separator, which is an isolating wall structure using an organic material. The OTFT performance, such as its current on/off ratio, carrier mobility, and spatial uniformity on the backplane, was enhanced. A highly efficient phosphorescent OLED was used as a light‐emission device. A very thin molybdenum oxide film was introduced as a carrier‐injection layer on a pixel electrode to reduce the operating voltage of the OLED. After an OTFT‐driven flexible AMOLED display was fabricated, the luminance and uniformity on the display was improved. The fabricated display also showed clear moving images, even when it was bent at a low operating voltage.     

Remarks on the assignments of temperature programmed desorption peaks for the surface species formed on Cu/ZnO and ZnO in the methanol synthesis from CO

Temperature programmed desorption (TPD), IR spectroscopy and chemical trapping of the surface species with H₂O revealed that the TPD peak of CO frequently assigned to zinc formate species, which were formed in the course of the methanol synthesis from CO-H₂, arose from zinc methoxide species.     

Improvement of power system stability by high-speed power control of adjustable speed machines

Large-capacity adjustable speed machines (ASMs) at pumped storage power stations have been put into full operation and their operating characteristics have been highly evaluated from the viewpoint of power system operation. The output power (input power) of ASMs can be controlled very quickly by applying a vector control scheme to the excitation control. This quick responsive feature of ASMs can make it possible to improve the stability of the neighbor subpower system. For improvement of transient stability, the output power of ASMs is reduced very quickly in order to control the acceleration of neighbor generators during and after transmission line faults. For improvement of dynamic stability, the output power of ASMs is modulated in accordance with the stabilizing signals detected from the swing of generator rotor or the power flow fluctuation on the transmission line. This paper describes the design concepts and method of control system for improving the transient and dynamic stability and proposes a power system stabilizing control system. The effects of the proposed stabilizing control system have been verified by a power system simulator. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 121(2): 27–36, 1997