Comparison of coal hydroliquefaction catalysed by ZnCl2-MCln (CuCl,CrCl3 and MoCl5) and ZnCl2 melts

Hydrogenation of four bituminous coals impregnated with 5 wt% of either mixtures of ZnCl₂-MCl_n (CuCl, CrCl₃ and MoCl₅) systems or ZnCl₂ was carried out using a batch autoclave system at 400° for 3 h at 9.8 MPa of initial hydrogen pressure. The ZnCl₂-MoCl₅ system showed the highest yield of the hexane-soluble (HS) fraction compared with the other systems irrespective of the coal used. The difference between the yields of HS fractions using the ZnCl₂-MoCl₅ and other systems was most marked for coals of fairly low volatile matter content, though the conversion was relatively low (47–66%), whilst for coals of high volatile matter content HS yields with the binary melt systems were high (86–91% conversion). Elemental analyses of the HS fractions indicated that the ZnCl₂-MoCl₅ system is most favourable in decreasing the average molecular weight and the heteroatom content of HS, this characteristic trend being confirmed also with five HS fractions separated by Chromatographic techniques. Both elemental analyses and molecular weights of asphaltene (benzene-soluble materials, BS) indicated that the ZnCl₂-MoCl₅ system is also most effective in cracking coal structure.     

Influence of Metal Ions on the Order-Disorder Transition Temperature of the Ba-M-O (M: La, Y, In, or Ga) System

Preparation of BaLa₂O₄, B_a3,Y₄O₉, B_a,In₂O₅, and Ba₃Ga₂O₆ powders and their sintering were investigated in Ar or air. These sintered bodies with perovskite-related structure were synthesized by reaction sintering, using mixed powders in the atomic ratios of Ba/La = 1, Ba/Y = 0.75, Ba/In = 1, and Ba/Ga = 1.5. The order-disorder transition temperatures of the BaLa₂O₄, Ba₃Y₄O₉, Ba₂In₂O₅, and Ba₃Ga₂O₆ sintered bodies were 270°, 350°, 880°, and 123O^oC, respectively. It was found that the temperatures were influenced by the ionic radius of cations in B sites, and the transition temperatures decreased with increasing ionic radius.     

Skeletonized hybrid liposomes

Summary Giant hybrid liposomes of polymerizable lipid and cholesterol were prepared by the hydration method and were polymerized by UV irradiation. The obtained giant liposomes were freeze-dried and washed with chloroform to skeletonize the frame structure of the polymerized membrane. The skeletonized liposomes were directly confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The single-layered and fully spherical liposome frame were easily confirmed by the stereo-pair of the obtained micrographs.     

Fatigue behavior of medium-density polyethylene pipes

A round bar specimen and a square bar specimen cut out from medium-density polyethylene pipes with a notch were made and a fatigue test was conducted to cause a brittle fracture. The initiation and growth of a craze and crack at the tip of a notch was observed. In the range where loading cycles are few and displacement of the specimen does not increase, the craze prior to crack initiation occurs. Also, the effect of frequency was investigated. The pure creep failure and the fatigue failure at low frequency were compared. The lower the frequency, the smaller the reciprocal of the actual loading time T_f becomes. It is also found that this tensile fatigue test is a useful test method to assure the quality of pipes.     

Interactions oftrans-cinnamic acid,its related phenolic allelochemicals,and abscisic acid in seedling growth and seed germination of lettuce

Phenolic compounds have been identified as the most common allelochemicals produced by higher plants. Inhibitions of cinnamic acid, its related phenolic derivatives, and abscisic acid (ABA) on seedling growth and seed germination of lettuce were studied.trans-Cinnamic acid, ando-,m-, andp-coumaric acids inhibited the growth of etiolated seedlings of lettuce at concentrations higher than 10^–4 M and seed germination above 10^–3 M. Coumarin inhibited seedling growth and seed germination at 10^–5 M or above. Chlorogenic acid inhibited seedling growth above 10^–4 M, but did not inhibit seed germination at 10^–5–5×10^–3 M. Low concentrations (below 10^–3 M) of caffeic and ferulic acids promoted the elongation of hypocotyls, but higher concentrations (over 10^–3 M) inhibited seedling growth and seed germination. These phenolic compounds and abscisic acid had additive inhibitory effects both on seedling growth and seed germination. The inhibition on lettuce was reversed by caffeic and ferulic acids at concentrations lower than 10^–3 M except for the inhibition of germination by coumarin. These results suggest that in naturetrans-cinnamic acid,o-, m-, p-coumaric acids, coumarin, and chlorogenic acid inhibit plant growth regardless of their concentration. However, caffeic and ferulic acids can either promote or inhibit plant growth according to their concentration.     

Thermal Expansion of Solid Solutions in the ZrTiO4—In2O3—M2O5 (M = Sb, Ta) System

Axial and dilatometric thermal expansions and phase transformations were studied for solid solutions having the α-PbO₂ structure in the ZrTiO₄—In₂O₃—M₂O₅ (M = Sb, Ta) system with nominal formulas of Zr _x Ti _y In _z Sb _z O₄ and Zr _x Ti _y In _z Ta _z O₄ where x + y + 2 z = 2. With increased substitution of z , the cell volume increased, the difference in the b parameters at room temperature between those quenched from 1400° and 1000°C decreased, and the thermal expansion decreased. The axial thermal expansion of ZrTi _y In _z · Ta _z O₄ with z = 0.3 was almost identical with that of HfTiO₄, and those with z = 0.4 and z = 0.45 were smaller than that of HfTiO₄. Unit-cell volumes of these compound were compared with those of single oxides to make it clear that the unit-cell volume of ZrTiO₄ was small anomalously and to distinguish the normal and abnormal substitution systems. These results were explained by the working hypothesis proposed for these compounds.     

Sar1 Affects the Localization of Perilipin 2 to Lipid Droplets

Lipid droplets (LDs) are intracellular organelles that are ubiquitous in many types of cells. The LD core consists of triacylglycerols (TGs) surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer and surface proteins such as perilipin 2 (PLIN2). Although TGs accumulate in the phospholipid bilayer of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and subsequently nascent LDs buds from ER, the mechanism by which LD proteins are transported to LD particles is not fully understood. Sar1 is a GTPase known as a regulator of coat protein complex Ⅱ (COPⅡ) vesicle budding, and its role in LD formation was investigated in this study. HuH7 human hepatoma cells were infected with adenoviral particles containing genes coding GFP fused with wild-type Sar1 (Sar1 WT) or a GTPase mutant form (Sar1 H79G). When HuH7 cells were treated with oleic acid, Sar1 WT formed a ring-like structure around the LDs. The transient expression of Sar1 did not significantly alter the levels of TG and PLIN2 in the cells. However, the localization of PLIN2 to the LDs decreased in the cells expressing Sar1 H79G. Furthermore, the effects of Sar1 on PLIN2 localization to the LDs were verified by the suppression of endogenous Sar1 using the short hairpin RNA technique. In conclusion, it was found that Sar1 has some roles in the intracellular distribution of PLIN2 to LDs in liver cells.     

Hematopoietic–Mesenchymal Signals Regulate the Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

It is well known that the properties of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSCs), such as their self-renewal ability and multipotency, are maintained through interactions with mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). MSCs are rare cells that are present in the bone marrow and are useful for clinical applications due to their functional ability. To obtain the necessary number of cells, MSCs must be cultured to expand, but this causes a remarkable decrease in stem cell properties, such as multipotency and proliferation ability. In this study, we show that the c-Mpl signal, which is related to the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells, has an important effect on the proliferation and differentiation ability of MSCs. Utilizing a co-culture system comprising MSCs and HSCs, it is suggested that signaling from hematopoietic cells to MSCs supports cell proliferation. Interestingly, the enhanced proliferation ability of the HSCs was decreased in c-Mpl knock-out HSCs (c-Mpl-KO). In addition, the MSCs co-cultured with c-Mpl-KO HSCs had reduced MSC marker expression (PDGFRa and Sca-1) compared to the MSCs co-cultured with c-Mpl-wild-type HSCs. These results suggest that a hematopoietic–mesenchymal signal exists, and that the state of the HSCs is important for the stability of MSC properties.     

Effects of Sampling Tube Geometry on Soft Clayey Sample Quality Evaluated by Nondestructive Methods

Sample disturbance caused by difference in sampling tube geometry was evaluated by two nondestructive methods: the measurement of the residual effective stress (p_r') by ceramic disc; and the use of the bender element to ascertain the shear wave velocity (V_s), and thus the maximum shear modulus (G_BE). Samples were measured under atmosphere, i.e., not under confined stress conditions. The soil samples were obtained from two sources: reconstituted Kasaoka clay prepared in the laboratory, and at the test site at Takuhoku, Hokkaido, Japan. Samplers with different geometrical designs, referring to the Japanese standard stationary piston sampler, were used for the model ground and field sampling. The geometrical effects of the sampling tube, for example, the thickness of the tube wall, the edge angle, and the existence of a piston were carefully examined. The quality of the samples taken with different samplers was evaluated by p_r' and G_BE, values which were normalized by the in situ vertical effective stress (σ'_vo) and G_f measured by the seismic cone test in the field. It was found from these studies that p_r'/σ'_vo and G_BE/G_f vary considerably due to the geometry of the sampler, with the edge angle of sampling tubes being the most important feature in obtaining high quality samples. The wall thickness, and thus, the area ratio of the sampler is not critical to the sample quality if the edge angle is sharp enough. The existence of the piston does not significantly influence the sample quality in field samples. Furthermore, the correlation between G_BE and p_r' was also investigated, and it was found that the two parameters are strongly dependent.     

分子谱线参数测量新方法

介绍了一种利用F-P腔透射峰宽度测量分子谱线参数的新方法,论文从多光束干涉叠加原理出发,推导出有样品气体吸收的F-P腔的透过率函数,F-P腔的透过率是样品气体吸收线型的函数,随着样品吸收的增加,F-P腔透射条纹宽度增加.实验测量得到的谱线强度与HITRAN2004数据库数据、谱线宽度与理论计算结果很好地一致.