Ingenieuranalyse von Erdbebenschäden: Das Bingöl (Türkei)‐Erdbeben vom 1. Mai 2003

Engineering analysis of earthquake damage: The Bingöl (Türkiye) earthquake of May 1, 2003. Through the engineering analysis of structural damage caused by the magnitude 6.6 Bingöl (Türkiye) earthquake on May 1, 2003, an attempt is made to work out the damage‐promotive factors. The damage analyses, instrumental site investigations, and the reinterpretation of structural behaviour concentrate on reinforced‐concrete buildings which were documented on site. At this, standardized school buildings take center stage, showing different grades of damage (slight damage to total collapse) even though they are of comparable character. A scheme to evaluate the causes of structural damage will be introduced which accounts for ground motion intensity, resonance effects between site und structure, directional effects of the seismic wave propagation, as well as for features of design and construction. Besides to phenomena and typical damage pattern which had been already be observed after other worldwide earthquakes, factors will be emphasized (possibly) contributing to the amplification of seismic ground motion. This in particular concerns topographical peculiarities which even seem to be insufficiently considered by actual code provisions. Furthermore, a reinforced‐concrete frame structure, typical for the regarded region, will be subjected to the nonlinear static “pushover” analysis in order to check the plausibility between recorded ground motion of the damaging mainshock and observed structural performance, the latter to be represented by the actual state of damage pattern. A methodical procedure will be presented which can be applied to derive statements on the structural vulnerability by stiffness‐dependent capacity curves. This being mainly based on material parameters and reinforcement detailing to be documented on site.     

Probabilistische Modellierung hochfester Stahlbetonstützen in Hochhäusern

Probabilistic Modelling of HPC Slender Columns in High‐Rise Buildings In Germany high strength concrete is used successfully since 1990. The extremely high compressive strength of this material allows considerable reduction in cross‐sectional dimensions of reinforced concrete columns and accordingly accomplishes highest architectural and functional requirements. This leads in many cases to extremely slender structures and therefore increases the risk of failure due to loss of stability. Because of the positive experience with high strength concrete up to now, the current study questions the initial conservative design provisions. In this context code procedures of DIN 1055‐3 and DIN 1045‐1 are compared with the results of probabilistic analysis and potential optimization will be indicated.     

In‐Situ‐Charakterisierung optischer Mehrschichtsysteme in Großflächen‐ Produktionsanlagen

The paper discusses approaches to the insitu analysis of optical multi‐layer coating stacks such as mirror coatings, AR coatings or lowE layer stacks on large‐area substrates in production environments. The stable production of complex layer systems requires in‐situ analysis systems that are able to provide spectral information and optical performance data, but also yield thickness information for individual layers and thus aide the operating staff in detailed analyzing deviations from the production target stack. Solutions incorporating in‐situ optical reflectance, transmittance and ellipsometry measurements wi^th optical data being collected not only for the completed layer stack, but also at intermediate coating stages, are discussed and the accuracy, robustness and stability of different measurement systems and computation strategies are compared.     

Synthesis and characterization of novel poly(amide imide)s

Novel poly(amide imide)s having inherent viscosities in the range 0.89–1.56 dL/g were prepared by the method of low temperature polycondensation in solution of N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) from aromatic diamines and a new monomer: N-[4″-(chloroformylphenyl)-4′-iminobenzoyl]trimellitimide chloride. The polymers were soluble in polar aprotic solvents and essentially amorphous. They showed glass transition temperatures in the range 310–350°C and decomposition temperatures of 450–460°C. Polymer films, fabricated by casting polymer solutions in DMA, showed tensile strengths in the range 70–90 MPa and moduli values between 3000–4000 MPa. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Achieving Water Quality System Reliability Using Genetic Algorithms

This paper presents an efficient approach for obtaining wasteload allocation solutions that provide the optimal trade-off between treatment cost and reliability. This approach links a genetic algorithm (GA) with the first-order reliability method (FORM) for estimating the probability of system failure under a given wasteload allocation. The GA-FORM optimization approach is demonstrated for the case study of managing water quality in the Willamette River in Oregon. The objective function minimizes the sum of the treatment cost and the penalty associated with breaching a reliability target for meeting a water quality standard. The random variables used to generate the reliability estimates include streamflow, temperature, and reaeration coefficient values. The results obtained indicate that the GA-FORM approach is nearly as accurate as the approach that links the GA with Monte Carlo simulation and is far more efficient. The trade-off between total treatment cost and reliability becomes more pronounced at higher water quality standards and is most sensitive to the uncertainty in the reaeration coefficient. The sensitivity to the reaeration coefficient also increases at increased reliability levels.