Genome-Wide Identification of Switchgrass Laccases Involved in Lignin Biosynthesis and Heavy-Metal Responses

Plant laccase genes belong to a multigene family, play key roles in lignin polymerization, and participate in the resistance of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. Switchgrass is an important resource for forage and bioenergy production, yet information about the switchgrass laccase gene family is scarce. Using bioinformatic approaches, a genome-wide analysis of the laccase multigene family in switchgrass was carried out in this study. In total, 49 laccase genes (PvLac1 to PvLac49) were identified; these can be divided into five subclades, and 20 of them were identified as targets of miR397. The tandem and segmental duplication of laccase genes on Chr05 and Chr08 contributed to the expansion of the laccase family. The laccase proteins shared conserved signature sequences but displayed relatively low sequence similarity, indicating the potential functional diversity of switchgrass laccases. Switchgrass laccases exhibited distinct tissue/organ expression patterns, revealing that some laccases might be involved in the lignification process during stem development. All five of the laccase isoforms selected from different subclades responded to heavy metal. The immediate response of lignin-related laccases, as well as the delayed response of low-abundance laccases, to heavy-metal treatment shed light on the multiple roles of laccase isoforms in response to heavy-metal stress.     

Customized Utilization Strategies of Industrial Lignin to Produce Adsorbents and Flocculants Based on Fractionation and Adequate Structural Interpretation

Lignin, a by-product of pulping and biorefinery, has great potential to replace petrochemical resources for wastewater purification. However, the defects of lignin, such as severe heterogeneity, inferior reactivity and poor solubility, characterize the production process of lignin-based products by high energy consumption and serious pollution. In this study, several lignin fractions with relatively homogeneous structure were first obtained by organic solvent fractionation, and their structures were fully deciphered by various characterization techniques. Subsequently, each lignin component was custom-valued for wastewater purification based on their structural characteristics. Benefiting from the high reactivity and reaction accessibility, the lignin fraction (lignin-1) refined by dissolving in ethanol and n-butanol could been used as a raw material to produce cationic lignin-based flocculant (LBF) in a copolymerization system using green, cheap and recyclable ethanol as solvent. The lignin fraction (lignin-2) extracted by methanol and dioxane showed low reactivity and high carbon content, which was used to produce lignin-based activated carbon (LAC) with phosphoric acid as activator. Moreover, the influences of synthetic factors on the purification capacity were discussed, and the LBF and LAC produced under the optimal conditions showed distinguished purification effect on kaolin suspension and heavy metal wastewater, respectively. Furthermore, the corresponding purification mechanism and external factors were also elaborated. It is believed that this cleaner production strategy is helpful for the valorization of lignin in wastewater resources.     

基于能量的判别暂态功角和电压主导性模糊判据

明确电力系统暂态主导失稳模式有助于控制措施的决策。基于暂态能量函数建立指标体系,并利用模糊综合评价法提出判别主导失稳模式的模糊判据。首先,利用系统不同暂态失稳状态的能量变化量,建立反映系统的功角失稳与电压失稳的能量指标体系;其次,结合模糊数学理论,利用熵权法计算指标权重,进而得到主导失稳模式的模糊判据;之后,利用两机单负荷系统暂态失稳算例,得到0-1范围内的模糊判据值域;最后,在某地区实际架构的“之”型网络中,利用模糊判据判断并验证暂态主导失稳模式。实验结果表明：除了在强耦合失稳情况下,模糊判据的判别结果可靠,对耦合失稳场景的控制措施具有指导作用。     

Synthesis and Tribological Behaviour of 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Schiff Base Derivatives as Multifunctional Lubricant Additives

Six new 1,3,4-thiadiazole Schiff base derivatives were synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy and ~1H NMR spectrometry, and their anti-corrosion properties and thermal stability were investigated via thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) and copper strip corrosion test. The tribological behavior of the said Schiff base derivatives was evaluated on an Optimol SRV~?4 oscillating reciprocating friction and wear tester. The worn surfaces of the steel discs were investigated using a scanning electron microscope(SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer(EDS). The test results indicated that these thiadiazole Schiff base derivatives possessed favourable thermal stability, corrosion inhibiting ability and the capability of improving the tribological characteristic of the base oil effectively. It is assumed that the adsorbed additives probably reacted with the steel surfaces during the friction process, resulting in the formation of a protective film composed of sulphates, sulphides and organic nitrogen compounds.     

基于分段信噪比加权的GPS定位方法

在基于GPS的飞行器定位中,GPS卫星的情况与地面不同,传统的GPS选星算法有局限性.为了实现飞行器快速、可靠的定位,提出了一种新的基于分段信噪比加权的GPS定位方法.实验表明,相对传统选星算法,本方法的定位稳定性更好、精度更高、计算时间较短,能够满足飞行器快速、可靠定位的要求.     

Flash memory based computing-in-memory system to solve partial differential equations

Dear editor, Many emerging non-volatile memories (NVM),such as re-sistive random access memory (RRAM)[1],phase-change memory (PCM)[2],and ferroelectric RAM (FeR...     

影响区形状对砂井地基固结性状的影响

基于Deng等提出的砂井渗透系数随时间呈指数函数形式降低的假定,考虑了土体中的径-竖向渗流,推导建立了砂井地基的固结控制方程,并通过采用分离变量法求得了该方程的解析解。通过将该文退化解与已有的解析解及该文解析解与有限差分解分别进行对比,验证了该文解答的正确性。根据该文解答,分析了砂井地基的固结性状。分析表明,无论是否考虑竖向渗流,砂井地基的固结速率均随井阻因子相似文献   

The multi-objective optimal control with X?Q adaptive controller

This paper proposes a new type of nonlinear controllers and a large phase angle allowance design method based on the multi-objective optimal control system. With the proposed method, the performance of the system becomes better than that of the original system. Then, an example of the radar servo system is designed with a large phase angle allowance multi-objective optimal design method. Finally, the performance based on computer simulation demonstrates that the multi-objective optimal system is superior to linear optimal systems.     

酯化法合成丙酮酸乙酯的研究

论述了以丙酮酸、乙醇为原料,离子交换树脂作催化剂,催化合成丙酮酸乙酯的新工艺。考察了催化剂种类、用量、原料配比、反应时间以及催化剂使用次数等因素对酯化率的影响,确定了催化剂种类和最佳工艺条件。结果表明,732强酸性离子交换树脂具有良好的催化活性和选择性,可多次重复使用,酯化率可达85.7%,产品质量符合国家标准。