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1.
Branched-chain/cyclic alkanes have been obtained, by solvent extraction and molecular-sieve adsorption, from a UK low-temperature (Rexco) coal tar, a USA fluidized-bed pyrolysis (FMC COED) coal tar, and a novel supercritical-gas-extract of a Turkish (Elbistan) lignite. Mass spectrometry (with gas chromatography and field-desorption) established the presence of mono-, di (including sesquiterpanes), tri-, tetra- (steranes only), and pentacyclic (triterpanes only) alkanes, including several steranes and triterpanes not previously reported as coal-tar constituents. The potential of cyclic alkanes as geochemical markers, even for commercial coal products subjected to appreciable heat treatment, is demonstrated by the identification of C12, C13, C15 and C16 dicyclics (including isoprenoid alkanes), C17-C26 tricyclics, and C27 and C29 hopane-type pentacyclics (triterpanes) in FMC, and of C16-C38 monocyclics, C34-C36 dicyclics, C22-C36 tricyclics, C27-C30 tetracyclics (steranes), and C27, C29, C30, C31, C32, and C33 hopane-type pentacyclics (triterpanes) in Rexco tar. Tetra- and pentacyclic alkanes were also preserved in the lignite extract. 相似文献
2.
Evolution of vinyl chloride conversion below critical micelle concentration: A response surface analysis 下载免费PDF全文
Amir Saeid Pakdel Mohammad Rezaei Behbahani Mohammad Reza Saeb Hossein Ali Khonakdar Hossein Abedini Mehdi Moghri 《乙烯基与添加剂工艺杂志》2015,21(3):157-165
Utilizing response surface methodology, the conversion of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) was monitored when the polymerization temperature, the type of surfactant, and the weight ratio of water‐to‐monomer (W/M) were taken as the emulsion polymerization variables. Because the homogeneous nucleation was found to be the dominant mechanism in VCM emulsion polymerization, irrespective of the surfactant concentration, the whole experiments have been carried out below critical micelle concentration of the used surfactants. Among all the studied variables, the polymerization temperature appeared as the most effective parameter; moreover, its interactive effect with W/M caused different trends in the alteration of final conversion being observed. Also, depending on the reaction temperature, the VCM conversion would be affected by the type of the surfactant used. Contrarily, simultaneous change in the type of surfactant and W/M revealed an insignificant effect on the evolution of VCM conversion. The optimization of final conversion of VCM was also accessible through contour plots of response surface methodology. It is worth noting that, taking a conventional approach into consideration, the alteration of VCM conversion seemed to be a monotonic function of temperature. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 21:157–165, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers 相似文献
3.
Various softwood and hardwood bark residues, primary sludges and softwood sawdust residues were processed by vacuum pyrolysis in a laboratory scale batch reactor. The pyrolysis oil, water, charcoal, and gas were recovered and analyzed. The pyrolysis oils were analyzed in details for their content in phenolic compounds after derivatization to their acetyl derivatives. The influence of temperature, heating rate, feedstock bed thickness, particle size and feedstock water pretreatment on the yield of phenols was investigated. The highest yield of phenols was obtained when hardwood bark was soaked in water for 48 hours and pyrolyzed at a temperature of 450°C and a heating rate of 10°C/min. Pyrolysis performance was evaluated in terms of total phenolic yield and composition. 相似文献
4.
In this paper, three issues related to three‐dimensional multilink rigid body systems are considered: dynamics, actuation, and inversion. Based on the Newton‐Euler equations, a state space formulation of the dynamics is discussed that renders itself to inclusion of actuators, and allows systematic ways of stabilization and construction of inverse systems. The development here is relevant to robotic systems, biological modeling, humanoid studies, and collaborating man‐machine systems. The recursive dynamic formulation involves a method for sequential measurement and estimation of joint forces and couples for an open chain system. The sequence can start from top downwards or from the ground upwards. Three‐dimensional actuators that produce couples at the joints are included in the dynamics. Inverse methods that allow estimation of these couples from the kinematic trajectories and physical parameters of the system are developed. The formulation and derivations are carried out for a two‐link system. Digital computer simulations of a two‐rigid body system are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the methods. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
5.
The Journal of Supercomputing - In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), designing a stable, low-power routing protocol is a major challenge because successive changes in links or breakdowns destabilize... 相似文献
6.
Hooshang Hemami Kamran Barin Yi-Chung Pai 《IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering》2006,14(4):470-480
The ankle strategy is one of the postural adjustment maneuvers humans utilize when the support platform is disturbed. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the ankle strategy. A three-link sagittal biped model is considered. The first link represents the two legs locked together. The second link represents the two thighs locked together. The third link represents the hip, the torso, the upper limbs, the neck, and the head. The dynamics, control, and stability of the three-link biped, under platform translation, are considered. The disturbance of the platform is represented as an input and the effect of the muscular system is reduced to a set of torques applied to the joints and across the joints. Two digital computer simulations are presented to demonstrate the behavior of the biped under backward or forward platform disturbance. The simulations are compared with experimental measurements of humans subjected to postural disturbances. It is shown that the effect of a horizontal disturbance at the ankle appears to be about 40 times that of the effect of the disturbance at the knees and at least a few hundred times larger than the effect of a disturbance at the hip. This means that, under translational platform disturbance, the ankle angle is subjected to the largest excursion. The knee and the hip angle excursions are relatively minor. Consequently, the biped, as a whole, appears to move as a single inverted pendulum. Major postural corrections are initiated by the ankle excursion. Further, when the available ankle torque is limited or nonexistent, the stability requires resorting to the knee or hip strategies. 相似文献
7.
Keith D. Bartle Ayla Çalimli Derry W. Jones Raymond S. Matthews Aral Olcay Hooshang Pakdel Taner Tuǧrul 《Fuel》1979,58(6):423-428
Fractions of Elbistan and Seyitomer (Turkish) lignites, extracted with supercritical toluene at 340 °C and 8 MPa, have been separated by solvent extraction and silica-gel chromatography. Analyses by n.m.r. and i.r. spectroscopies and other methods have been combined in structural-analysis schemes to yield information about the average molecule in aromatic extracts. Carbon aromaticities, fa, derived from 22.63 MHz 1H-decoupled pulse Fourier-transform (PFT) 13C-n.m.r. are more widely spread for Elbistan (0.34–0.56) than for Seyitomer (0.40–0.43), and are lower than for supercritical-gas (SCG) products from bituminous coals. 13C-n.m.r. also reveals the presence of aromatic ether-O in polar fractions. Narrow aromatic signals in 100 MHz 1H-n.m.r. spectra suggest the presence of single-aromatic-ring average structures. In the hexane-soluble aromatics, 27% (Elbistan) and 29% (Seyitomer) of the available sites are substituted by alkyI groups, some of which are at least eight carbon atoms long; the hexane-soluble polar and asphaltene/asphaltol fractions contain fewer such groups. 相似文献
8.
Dancing to a rhythm, as humans do, is a complex process, andformulation of its dynamics and control are very difficult. Rhythmicexchange of the support surfaces and stability of the overall systemare not well understood. To produce a dancing movement, simplermovements such as rocking, tapping, and stepping can be combined. Therhythm of dancing is usually driven by a music beat. A method thatextracts beats from a wide variety of music in real time ispresented. Work is being done to couple the extracted rhythm of themusic to a dancing biped. The seven degree of freedom sagittal bipedwith sixteen actuators is controlled to move in a rocking, tapping,and stepping fashion. A pattern generator is described which takes amusical beat and generates oscillations. The oscillations are usedto select a finite sequence of predefined desired states, and todrive the system from the current desired state to the next. Thesenext desired states allow derivation of neural excitation inputs tothe sixteen muscle-like actuators. Simulations show the feasibilityof the control strategy moving the biped from desired state todesired state as it traverses the trajectories of these three simplermovements of rocking, tapping, and stepping. In a final simulation,the three movements of rocking, stepping, and tapping are combined ina three-step up and down dancing movement. 相似文献
9.
10.
Wireless Personal Communications - The Internet of Things, also known as the IoT, refers to the billions of devices around the world that are now connected to the Internet, collecting and sharing... 相似文献