Effect of tumbling time and cooking temperature on quality attributes of cooked ham

This study evaluates effect of tumbling time and cooking temperature on cooking rate, cooking loss (CL), colour, water activity and water‐holding capacity of cooked restructured ham rolls. In experiment were investigated three tumbling times (2, 4 and 6 h) at constant temperature (+4 °C) and three cooking temperatures (76, 86 and 96 °C). It was observed that CL decreased (P < 0.01) from 5.41% to 3.22% with tumbling time (2 h vs. 6 h) but increased (P < 0.01) from 2.35% to 7.25% along with cooking temperature (76 °C vs. 96 °C). In contrast, pH value increased (P < 0.01) from 6.18 to 6.24 with tumbling time (2 h vs. 6 h) but decreased (P < 0.01) from 6.22 to 6.17 along with cooking temperature (76 °C vs. 96 °C). In addition, high temperature had higher efficiency for thermal lethality than low temperature (F₀ values were 19 and 92 min at 96 and 76 °C, respectively). Intermediate tumbling (4 h) and cooking (86 °C) could be preferential.     

Aluminum compounds as additional crosslinkers for air-drying high-solids alkyd paints

Aluminum compounds, especially complexes of alcohols, are known as additional crosslinkers for air-drying alkyd paints. Particularly, the drying behavior of high-solids alkyd systems applied under adverse conditions may be improved distinctly. Besides the ether- and peroxy-crosslinks resulting from oxidative drying, coordinative crosslinking occurs. However, exterior weathering of paint films containing Al-complexes frequently results in severe embrittlement. In order to cope with these problems, drying and aging of alkyds and Al-complexes were investigated. All ligands in the complex appeared to get lost during drying, a probable cause of poor weathering performance. Using specially developed alkyd paints for Al-compounds, possible ways of controlling embrittlement are discussed. P.O. Box 9300, 6800 SB Arnhem, The Netherlands. P.O. Box 3, 2170 BA Sassenheim, The Netherlands.     

Measurement of thermal conductivity of polymer melts by the line-source method

An apparatus has been developed for the measurement of thermal conductivity of polymer melts. Based on the transient “line source method,” it is ideally suited to these materials because measurements can be made quickly, before the onset of thermal degradation. Also, little or no sample preparation is required. A number of commercial polymers have been tested, including some glass-fiber filled composites.     

A systematic comparison of PCA‐based Statistical Process Monitoring methods for high‐dimensional,time‐dependent Processes

High‐dimensional and time‐dependent data pose significant challenges to Statistical Process Monitoring. Most of the high‐dimensional methodologies to cope with these challenges rely on some form of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) model, usually classified as nonadaptive and adaptive. Nonadaptive methods include the static PCA approach and Dynamic Principal Component Analysis (DPCA) for data with autocorrelation. Methods, such as DPCA with Decorrelated Residuals, extend DPCA to further reduce the effects of autocorrelation and cross‐correlation on the monitoring statistics. Recursive Principal Component Analysis and Moving Window Principal Component Analysis, developed for nonstationary data, are adaptive. These fundamental methods will be systematically compared on high‐dimensional, time‐dependent processes (including the Tennessee Eastman benchmark process) to provide practitioners with guidelines for appropriate monitoring strategies and a sense of how they can be expected to perform. The selection of parameter values for the different methods is also discussed. Finally, the relevant challenges of modeling time‐dependent data are discussed, and areas of possible further research are highlighted. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 1478–1493, 2016     

miR-16-5p Is a Stably-Expressed Housekeeping MicroRNA in Breast Cancer Tissues from Primary Tumors and from Metastatic Sites

For quantitative microRNA analyses in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue, expression levels have to be normalized to endogenous controls. To investigate the most stably-expressed microRNAs in breast cancer and its surrounding tissue, we used tumor samples from primary tumors and from metastatic sites. MiRNA profiling using TaqMan^® Array Human MicroRNA Cards, enabling quantification of 754 unique human miRNAs, was performed in FFPE specimens from 58 patients with metastatic breast cancer. Forty-two (72%) samples were collected from primary tumors and 16 (28%) from metastases. In a cross-platform analysis of a validation cohort of 32 FFPE samples from patients with early breast cancer genome-wide microRNA expression analysis using SurePrintG3 miRNA (8 × 60 K)^® microarrays from Agilent^® was performed. Eleven microRNAs could be detected in all samples analyzed. Based on NormFinder and geNorm stability values and the high correlation (rho ≥ 0.8) with the median of all measured microRNAs, miR-16-5p, miR-29a-3p, miR-126-3p, and miR-222-3p are suitable single gene housekeeper candidates. In the cross-platform validation, 29 human microRNAs were strongly expressed (mean log2-intensity > 10) and 21 of these microRNAs including miR-16-5p and miR-29a-3p were also stably expressed (CV < 5%). Thus, miR-16-5p and miR-29a-3p are both strong housekeeper candidates. Their Normfinder stability values calculated across the primary tumor and metastases subgroup indicate that miR-29a-3p can be considered as the strongest housekeeper in a cohort with mainly samples from primary tumors, whereas miR-16-5p might perform better in a metastatic sample enriched cohort.     

N-phenylaminomethylation: A one-step route to N-substituted anilines from unsaturated fatty derivatives and olefins

Unsaturated fatty materials, such as ethyl oleate and oleonitrile, are found to react with carbon monoxide, hydrogen and aniline at 150 C to give N-monoalkylanilines. The alkyl group is derived from the unsaturated fatty material plus the group H-CH₂ added across the double bond. Similarly 1-decene, in a rapid reaction, gives N,N-di-n-undecylaniline and N-undecylaniline as major and minor products respectively. 1,2,3-Tris-(triphenylphosphine)trichlorohodium is an excellent catalyst for this reaction. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, San Francisco, April 1969.     

Measuring the impregnation of an out-of-autoclave prepreg by micro-CT

Resin flow into dry reinforcement regions is the main microstructural change during the processing of out-of-autoclave prepregs and influences air evacuation and void suppression. Such impregnation flow was investigated experimentally during the processing of a second-generation out-of-autoclave prepreg. First, laminates were partially processed to different stages of a simple cure cycle. Then, samples from each laminate were scanned using X-ray microtomography (micro-CT) to obtain 3D microstructural data. This data was used to investigate the initial microstructure of the material and measure the extent of impregnation at each processing stage, the rate of impregnation, and the evolution of macro-porosity within the material.     

Mechanistic study of drying of alkyd resins using (Z,Z)- and (E,E)-3,6-nonadiene as model substances

The cobalt-catalysed autoxidative drying of alkyd resins was studied using (Z,Z)-3,6-nonadiene and (E,E)-3,6-nonadiene as model compounds. A large number of reaction products were isolated from the autoxidation mixture using HPLC and preparative size exclusion chromatography and identified with ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR. The identified compounds comprised C₉ hydroperoxides, endoperoxides, epoxides, aldehydes and ketones and some other oxidation products. Their chemical structures pointed to three different types of oxidation processes taking place. Besides the main radical autoxidation reaction, evidence was found for photo-sensitized oxidation involving singlet oxygen. Thirdly, epoxidation occurs via peracids or hydroperoxides formed as intermediates. Because of the large number of possible isomers having very similar physical properties, isolation of dimers required considerable effort. Nevertheless, two dimers were isolated and characterized. Their structures indicate crosslinking to occur by recombination of radicals as termination reaction.