Hafnium metallocene compounds used as cathode interfacial layers for enhanced electron transfer in organic solar cells

We have used hafnium metallocene compounds as cathode interfacial layers for organic solar cells [OSCs]. A metallocene compound consists of a transition metal and two cyclopentadienyl ligands coordinated in a sandwich structure. For the fabrication of the OSCs, poly[3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene]:poly(styrene sulfonate), poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) + [6, 6]-phenyl C₆₁ butyric acid methyl ester, bis-(ethylcyclopentadienyl)hafnium(IV) dichloride, and aluminum were deposited as a hole transport layer, an active layer, a cathode interfacial layer, and a cathode, respectively. The hafnium metallocene compound cathode interfacial layer improved the performance of OSCs compared to that of OSCs without the interfacial layer. The current density-voltage characteristics of OSCs with an interfacial layer thickness of 0.7 nm and of those without an interfacial layer showed power conversion efficiency [PCE] values of 2.96% and 2.34%, respectively, under an illumination condition of 100 mW/cm² (AM 1.5). It is thought that a cathode interfacial layer of an appropriate thickness enhances the electron transfer between the active layer and the cathode, and thus increases the PCE of the OSCs.     

离心铸造LGJW20钢结硬质合金热疲性能研究

在自约束型热疲劳试验机上对LGJW20钢结硬质合金进行了热疲劳试验,借助金相分析、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)等方法观察了合金的显微组织,重点研究了LGJW20的热疲劳性能表现,分析了热处理工艺对合金热疲劳性能的影响。结果表明:合金中硬质相主要由鱼骨状共晶碳化物、网状二次碳化物及大块状碳化物组成;合金的热疲劳裂纹在缺口根部萌生,以一条主裂纹形式沿碳化物扩展;合适的热处理工艺能提高基体的高温屈服强度,改善合金的组织结构,提高了合金的热疲劳性能。LGJW20经过980℃淬火、200℃回火处理后热疲劳性能最佳。     

Health locus of control in late life: A study of genetic and environmental influences in twins aged 80 years and older.

The factor structure of health locus of control (Form A; K. A. Wallston, B. S. Wallston, & R. DeVellis, 1978) was examined in 420 octogenarians (M age?=?83.2 years), and the contributions of genetic and environmental factors to health-control beliefs in 141 octogenarian twin pairs (71 identical, 70 same-sex fraternal) were estimated. Factor analyses reproduced previously proposed factors (Internal, Chance, and Powerful Others). Associations between health-control beliefs and life satisfaction, depression, and other health-related measures (e.g., self-rated health, outpatient contacts, and hospitalization), were modest. Quantitative genetic analyses revealed significant shared environmental influence on the Chance subscale, and significant familiarity (attributable to a combination of genetic and shared environmental influences) on the Powerful Others subscale; there was no evidence of familiarity on the Internal subscale. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Polymer blend containing a thermotropic polyester with long flexible spacer in the main chain

Polymer blends of nylon 66 and thermotropic polyester with long flexible spacers in the main chains were prepared by melt mixing. The samples were made as single filaments by passing the polymer blend through a small and round die of a capillary rheometer. Mechanical properties of blends showed that the modulus and strength of nylon 66 could be improved without reduction of extensibility. The morphology of fractured surfaces was observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). It showed that the microfibrillar structure of a thermotropic polyester was formed by extensional flow while the spherical and ellipsoidal particles in the nylon 66 (matrix polymer) were produced by shear flow. The polyester particles were occasionally covered with adhering matrix polymer because of good adhesion between these two polymers. They were highly elongated by tensile stress without loss of elongational characteristics of blends. This fact was explained by very good adhesion between the two phases.     

Efficient photovoltaic effect in graphene/h-BN/silicon heterostructure self-powered photodetector

Graphene (Gr)/Si-based optoelectronic devices have attracted a lot of academic attention due to the simpler fabrication processes, low costs, and higher performance of their two-dimensional (2D)/three-dimensional (3D) hybrid interfaces in Schottky junction that promotes electron-hole separation. However, due to the built-in potential of Gr/Si as a photodetector, the I_ph /I_dark ratio is often hindered near zero-bias at relatively low illumination intensity. This is a major drawback in self-powered photodetectors. In this study, we have demonstrated a self-powered van der Waals heterostructure photodetector in the visible range using a Gr/hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN)/Si structure and clarified that the thin h-BN insertion can engineer asymmetric carrier transport and avoid interlayer coupling at the interface. The dark current was able to be suppressed by inserting an h-BN insulator layer, while maintaining the photocurrent with minimal decrease at near zero-bias. As a result, the normalized photocurrent-to-dark ratio (NPDR) is improved more than 10⁴ times. Also, both I_ph/I_dark ratio and detectivity, increase by more than 10⁴ times at −0.03 V drain voltage. The proposed Gr/h-BN/Si heterostructure is able to contribute to the introduction of next-generation photodetectors and photovoltaic devices based on graphene or silicon.

     

Shape optimization of two-dimensional thermal conducting solid using boundary integral equation formulation

A method for shape design sensitivity analysis of two-dimensional thermal conducting solid is presented using the material derivative concept and the adjoint variable method. A general thermal boundary condition with heat convection is considered in addition to prescribed temperature and heat flux. The method for deriving the sensitivity formula is based on standard direct boundary integral equation formulation. The sensitivity of a general functional depending on temperature and heat flux is considered. The method is then applied to obtain the sensitivity analysis is demonstrated by a hollow cylinder problem with exact solution. A weight minimization problem of a thermal diffuser is considered as a practical application. The sensitivity by the presented method is compared with that by finite differences and an optimal shape is found by use of an optimization routine.     

Axisymmetric thermoelastic shape sensitivity analysis and its application to turbine disc design

A general method for shape design sensiti vityi analysis (SDSA) as applied to an axisymmetric thermoelasticity problem is presented using the material derivative concept and the adjoint variable method. The sensitivity of a general functional composed of thermal and mechanical quantities is considered. The method for deriving the sensitivity formula is based on standard direct thermal and elastic boundary integral equation formulation. It is then applied to obtain explicit formulas for a representative displacement and stress constraint imposed on a sector of the boundary. Results of numerical implementation are presented for weight minimization of a turbine disc under thermomechanical loading. The sensitivities of the displacement and stress constraint calculated by the formulas are compared with those by finite differences. Optimum shape obtained under the thermomechanical loading is discussed with that under the mechanical loading only, clearly showing the practical importance of the SDSA of thermoelastic systems.     

Right stereoisomers for sex pheromone components of the apple leafminer,Lyonetia prunifoliella,in Korea

The sex pheromone of the American population of Lyonetia prunifoliella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) was reported to be composed of three components, 10,14-dimethyloctadec-1-ene (10me14me-1-ene-18Hy), 5,9-dimethyloctadecane (5me9me-18Hy), and 5,9-dimethylheptadecane (5me9me-17Hy). Studies with a Korean population showed that the 10S,14S isomer of the major compound was the major electrophysiologically by active stereoisomer. The 5S,9S isomers of the minar constituents also elicited electrophysiological responses. In field trappings, among the three components, the racemic mixture of 10me14me-1-ene-18Hy attracted L. prunifoliella males strongly, and the binary or tertiary combinations with racemic mixtures of the other two components did not increase trap catches. Among the four stereoisomers of 10me14me-1-ene-18Hy, only the 10S,14S isomer attracted L. prunifoliella males, as suggested by the EAG test, and attraction to the other three isomers was not observed. All stereoisomers of each minor component, as well as their racemic components, did not seem to have any additional effect on male attraction in Korea.     

Selective Deposition of Hafnium Oxide Nanothin Films on OTS Patterned Si(100) Substrates by Metal–Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition

Soft lithography is a method for the manufacture of micro/nano size patterns and structures by using organic materials without the use of high energy. In particular, microcontact printing (muCP) is a very convenient and nonphotolithographic technique that can generate patterned features of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). In this study, we carried out the selective deposition of HfO₂ nano-thin films on Si(100) substrates by combination of muCP using octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) and metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Single molecular precursor of Hf(O^tBu) ₄ was used for the growth of HfO₂ nano-films, and the deposition was carried out between 150degC and 400degC at a pressure of 3times10^-2 torr. The as-grown films were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and capacitance-voltage (C-V) and current-voltage (I-V) measurement. It is expected that the combination of muCP of SAM and MOCVD is a better method for fabricating the HfO ₂ thin films between micro and nano sizes     

An architecture of scalable ATM switching system and its performance

In this paper, we present the basic idea and some concepts for the architecture of the ATM switching system being developed in ETRI of KOREA, and also describe its performance. RSE (Reference Service Entity) concept is introduced to define the characteristics of user’s traffic. This concept is useful to represent the demand of CPE (Customer Premise Equipment) user sets and one of point‐to‐multipoint connections. We also propose RUCA (Reference Units for Connection Attempts) concept with which we can illustrate the call/connection level performance of the ATM switching system. This concept can be applied for measuring the call processing capability in both point‐to‐multipoint connections and multipoint‐to‐multipoint connections when call set‐up between users is performed by a sequence of point‐to‐point connections basis. From the basic concepts and the recommendations of ITU‐T, the design objective of the system performance is specified. We represent the methodologies for dimensioning the system to achieve the design objectives, and estimate the system performances. Then we show that our developing system has suitable performance to accommodate the future B‐ISDN. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.