Evidences and perspectives in the utilization of CLNA isomers as bioactive compounds in foods

Conjugated alpha linolenic acid (CLNA) isomers are promising lipids owing to their similarities with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) but exerting their bioactivity at lower doses; some isomers also belong to omega 3 family. This review aims to summarize the state of the art about the utilization of CLNA as a functional ingredient. Indeed, in vitro and in vivo studies reported that CLNA exerted anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-obese, and antioxidant activities. However, CLNA has not been tested in humans. These compounds are naturally present in meat and milk fat from ruminants but the highest concentrations are found in vegetable oils. Their incorporation in foodstuffs is one of the most effective strategies to elaborate CLNA-enriched products together with the microbiological production. Lactobacilli, propionibacteria, and bifidobacteria strains have been assayed to produce CLNA isomers but at the current moment there are not high CLNA concentration products elaborated using these strains. Furthermore, it is known that CLNA isomers are highly prone to oxidation when compared with linoleic acid and CLA, but the possible effects of elaboration and storage on high CLNA productsare unknown.The utilization of CLNA as a functional compound still remains a challenge and requires more research to address all of its technological and bioactivity aspects.     

Post occupancy evaluation of green residential buildings,in the Greater Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia

Homebuyers are now demanding green buildings over conventional buildings due to better performance, higher operating savings, and the premium satisfaction that the green buildings offer. However, whilst the supply of green buildings is increasing, the satisfaction of the occupants requires evaluation. This research investigated the satisfaction of the occupants of certified residential green buildings in the Greater Kuala Lumpur. The research was based on a cross-sectional survey questionnaire comprising 15 performance factors and 118 green building occupants. The survey forms were administered through hand delivery. The satisfaction of the occupants with respect to the ability of the buildings to accommodate the elderly and the disabled was very high. The occupants were also satisfied with the acoustics, overall lighting, layout, and overall air quality of the buildings. The factor analysis structured the performance factors into four clusters, namely, lighting, indoor environmental quality, operating cost, and spatial. The findings will be useful for the design teams because developers and city planners and the green rating certifiers and facilitators make their decisions on the prioritisation of the performance criteria of the green buildings. Whilst the data were collected in Malaysia, the information is applicable to beyond Malaysia.

     

Reactive Commercial Ni/Al Nanolayers for Joining Lightweight Alloys

Reactive nanoscale multilayer foils for use in joining techniques have attracted a great deal of attention. A common feature of these nanolayers is the large amount of heat released during the reaction between the layers to form a new phase. In this study, films of alternated Ni and Al nanolayers (NanoFoil^® made by the Indium Corporation) with period (bilayer thickness) close to 54 nm and with a thickness of 60 μm were used as local heat sources to bond lightweight alloys. The as-deposited Ni and Al alternated nanolayers evolve into NiAl nanometric grains when the multilayer, ignited by an electrical discharge, reacts. Joining of lightweight alloys was performed at room temperature under pressures of 10-80 MPa. The ability of the nanolayers to join these alloys by high temperature diffusion bonding was also investigated. The microstructural and chemical characterizations of the interfaces were performed on cross-sections of the joints by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Ni/Al nanolayers are an effective means of joining titanium alloys at room temperature. A sound interface, mainly composed by NiAl grains, is obtained in joints of TiAl/TiAl and TiAl/Inconel, produced with NanoFoil^® by annealing at 700 ºC, during 60 min under a pressure of 10 MPa. The low shear strength revealed a weak adhesion of the nanofoil to the base materials.     

Motion planning algorithms for molecular simulations: A survey

Motion planning is a fundamental problem in robotics that has motivated research since more than three decades ago. A large variety of algorithms have been proposed to compute feasible motions of multi-body systems in constrained workspaces. In recent years, some of these algorithms have surpassed the frontiers of robotics, finding applications in other domains such as industrial manufacturing, computer animation and computational structural biology. This paper concerns the latter domain, providing a survey on motion planning algorithms applied to molecular modeling and simulation. Both the algorithmic and application sides are discussed, as well as the different issues to be taken into consideration when extending robot motion planning algorithms to deal with molecules. From an algorithmic perspective, the paper gives a general overview of the different extensions to sampling-based motion planners. From the point of view of applications, the survey deals with problems involving protein folding and conformational transitions, as well as protein–ligand interactions.     

Analysis of ethanol in soy sauce using electronic nose for halal food certification

The purpose of this study was to analyze ethanol content in soy sauce using mass spectrometry (MS) with electronic nose (e-nose) to determine if MS e-nose can replace gas chromatographic analysis for halal certification. Gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC-FID), the standard method of ethanol content, was used to analyze 24 different kinds of soy sauce. Ethanol was detected from 13 soy sauce samples in the concentration range of 0.0004–1.7wt%. The MS e-nose data were analyzed by discriminant function analysis (DFA). Based on an addition method, the results were more than 96.6% accurate when the ethanol concentrations were greater than 0.5%. A high correlation between the first score of the DFA plot and the ethanol concentration was observed. Thus, mass spectrometry based on e-nose is an efficient method for determining ethanol as a primary screening tool for halal certification.     

Antioxidant activities and nutritional properties of Jeonyak prepared with beef bone stock and gelatin

The antioxidant activities and nutritional properties of Jeonyak made with beef bone stock and gelatin were investigated. Traditional Jeonyak (J1) was prepared with beef bone stock, whereas modified Jeonyak was made with gelatin and honey (J2) or with gelatin and oligosaccharides (J3). All 3 kinds of Jeonyak had antioxidant activities and J1 had the highest activity. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was measured to investigate the antidiabetic effect and J3 had the highest inhibitory activity of 80.47%. Glycine was the most abundant amino acid in all 3 kinds of Jeonyak. Both traditional and modified Jeonyaks have antioxidative and antidiabetic effects, suggesting that Jeonyak can be used as an effective traditional functional food.     

Pinhole formation in PEMFC membrane after electrochemical degradation and wet/dry cycling test

During the operation of a PEMFC, the polymer membrane is degraded by electrochemical reactions and mechanical stresses. We investigated the effects of repeated electrochemical and mechanical degradations in a membrane. For mechanical degradation, the membrane and MEA were repeatedly subjected to wet/dry cycles; for electrochemical degradation, the cell was operated under open-circuit voltage (OCV)/low-humidity conditions. The repeated wet/dry cycles led to a decrease in the mechanical strength of the membrane. When the MEA was degraded electrochemically, repeated wet/dry cycling resulted in the formation of pinholes in the membrane. In the case of different MEAs that were first degraded electrochemically, the extents of their hydrogen crossover currents increased due to repeated wet/dry cycling being different. Therefore, these results indicated that the membrane durability could be evaluated by these methods of repeated electrochemical degradation and wet/dry cycles.