匈牙利铝工业简况

尽管世界市场形势不妙,但匈牙利铝工业仍充满信心。目前,投资接近完成,研制成果即将付诸实施。这必将增强匈牙利铝工业在质量和成本方面的竞争能力。匈牙利铝业公司的产品,一半出口。为了利用直接     

Preparation ofAZ91 alloy by powder metallurgy method

Magnesium alloy AZ91 was prepared by powder metallurgy method, and the effect of sintering temperature on the densities and microstructures of the alloys was investigated. The results show that tight control of the sintering temperature within a narrow range around the liquidus level generates structures with high integrity and reduces some of the disadvantages caused by the higher temperatures. The matrix consists of α-Mg grains/cells surrounds by discontinuous precipitates of Mg17Al12 intermetallics which are normally located at the grain boundaries and triple junction.     

热载荷下A1203—球铁、ZrO2—A1—Si合金，以及ZrO2球铁热障涂层中热应力的产生的比较

表面处理技术如等离子喷涂、物理气相沉积、化学气相沉积已经被方便得用来制备用于高科技应用方面的复合涂层。高温涂层的目的主要有两点，第一是保护基体材料免受侵蚀，第二是提高耐磨性，另外对于热障涂层还有第三个功能就是使基体材料免受高温。在本研究中，用有限元方法对A1203—球铁、ZrO2—A1—Si合金，以及ZrO2球铁热障涂层在热载荷下的热应力产生和发展进行了分析，涂层与基体的厚度比为1／10，ZrO2球铁之间的梯度层为NiAl，NiCrAlY和NiCoCrAlY，这些因素都考虑到模型中去，计算了关键的界面区域(涂层/中间层/基体)的名义应力和剪切就布告并进进行了比较，结果表明ZrO2球铁的抗热冲击性能最好。此外，梯度层对热应力的产生程度有显著影响。本研究也表明，有限元方法可以用于优化陶瓷涂层的设计和生产。     

Mechanical properties and potential applications of magnesium alloys

1　INTRODUCTIONDuringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury ,magnesiumalloyswereusedextensivelyincivilianandmilitaryaircraftcomponents.TheneglectofmagnesiumalloysafterworldwarⅡwasrepresentedbytheslumpoftheproductionfrom 2 2 8.8kt/ain194 4to 10kt/aafterWorldWarⅡ .Themostsig nificantapplicationofmagnesiumalloysinthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcenturywasinproductionofair cooledenginesandgearboxesforVolkswagenBeetle ,whichledtheautomobileindustrytomakeavolun tarycommitmenttoachieve 30 %CO2 emissio…     

铝合金铸件充型过程及氧化膜卷入的数值模拟

对于直接有限差分法，提出了单元表面无量纲距离、表面充填比率和体积充填比率，以描述铸件充型过程中自由表面的形状，建立了相应的充型过程数学模型，考虑了自由表面形状对动量、质量和能量传输的影响；提出了充型过程自由表面碰撞中表面氧化膜破碎，及其后破碎氧化膜流动的计算模型。对实验铝合金铸件进行了模拟应用，通过实际铸件充型过程的特殊X射线实时观察和记录。及实际铸件的气孔、收缩缺陷分布的检测，对模拟结果进行了验证分析。结果表明：充型过程模拟结果与X射线实时观察结果吻合较好，尤其是自由表面的变化；氧化膜卷入模拟结果与实际铸件气孔、收缩缺陷的分布存在一定的对应关系。     

Variance sensitive adaptive threshold-based PCA method for fault detection with experimental application

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a statistical process monitoring technique that has been widely used in industrial applications. PCA methods for Fault Detection (FD) use data collected from a steady-state process to monitor T² and Q statistics with a fixed threshold. For the systems where transient values of the processes must be taken into account, the usage of a fixed threshold in PCA method causes false alarms and missing data that significantly compromise the reliability of the monitoring systems. In the present article, a new PCA method based on variance sensitive adaptive threshold (T_vsa) is proposed to overcome false alarms which occur in the transient states according to changing process conditions and the missing data problem. The proposed method is implemented and validated experimentally on an electromechanical system. The method is compared with the conventional monitoring methods. Experimental tests and tabulated results confirm the fact that the proposed method is applicable and effective for both the steady-state and transient operations and gives early warning to operators.     

Compact very low temperature scanning tunneling microscope with mechanically driven horizontal linear positioning stage

We describe a scanning tunneling microscope for operation in a dilution refrigerator with a sample stage which can be moved macroscopically in a range up to a cm and with an accuracy down to the tens of nm. The position of the tip over the sample as set at room temperature does not change more than a few micrometers when cooling down. This feature is particularly interesting for work on micrometer sized samples. Nanostructures can be also localized and studied, provided they are repeated over micrometer sized areas. The same stage can be used to approach a hard single crystalline sample to a knife and cleave it, or break it, in situ. In situ positioning is demonstrated with measurements at 0.1 K in nanofabricated samples. Atomic resolution down to 0.1 K and in magnetic fields of 8 T is demonstrated in NbSe(2). No heat dissipation nor an increase in mechanical noise has been observed at 0.1 K when operating the slider.     

A versatile facility for laboratory studies of viscoelastic and poroelastic behaviour of rocks

Novel laboratory equipment has been modified to allow both torsional and flexural oscillation measurements at sub-microstrain amplitudes, thereby providing seismic-frequency constraints on both the shear and compressional wave properties of cylindrical rock specimens within the linear regime. The new flexural mode capability has been tested on experimental assemblies containing fused silica control specimens. Close consistency between the experimental data and the results of numerical modelling with both finite-difference and finite-element methods demonstrates the viability of the new technique. The capability to perform such measurements under conditions of independently controlled confining and pore-fluid pressure, with emerging strategies for distinguishing between local (squirt) and global (specimen-wide) fluid flow, will have particular application to the study of frequency-dependent seismic properties expected of cracked and fluid-saturated rocks of the Earth's upper crust.     

Wear and surface analysis of 38 mm ceramic-on-metal total hip replacements under standard and severe wear testing conditions

The purpose of this study was to compare the wear of zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) and alumina femoral heads tested against as-cast CoCrMo alloy acetabular cups under both standard and severe wear conditions. A new severe test, which included medio-lateral displacement of the head and rim impact upon relocation, was developed. This resulted in an area of metal transfer and an area of increased wear on the superior-anterior segment of the head that were thought to be due to dislocation and rim impact respectively. While the wear of all ceramic heads was immeasurable using the gravimetric method, the wear rates for the metallic cups from each test were readily calculated. An average steady state wear rate of 0.023 +/- 0.005 mm3/10(6) cycles was found for the cups articulating against ZTA under standard wear conditions. A similar result had previously been obtained for the wear of cups articulated against alumina heads of the same size (within the same laboratory). Under severe wear conditions an increase in the metallic cup steady state wear rate was found with the ZTA and alumina tests giving 0.623 +/- 0.252 and 1.35 +/- 0.154 mm3/10(6) cycles respectively. Wear of the ceramic heads was detected using atomic force microscopy which showed, under severe wear conditions, a decrease in polishing marks and occasional grain removal. The surfaces of the ZTA heads tested under standard conditions were virtually unchanged from the unworn samples. Friction tests showed low friction factors for all components, pre and post wear.     

Storm water infiltration in a monitored green roof for hydrologic restoration

The objectives of this study are to provide detailed information about green roof performance in the Mediterranean climate (retained volume, peak flow reduction, runoff delay) and to identify a suitable modelling approach for describing the associated hydrologic response. Data collected during a 13-month monitoring campaign and a seasonal monitoring campaign (September-December 2008) at the green roof experimental site of the University of Genova (Italy) are presented together with results obtained in quantifying the green roof hydrologic performance. In order to examine the green roof hydrologic response, the SWMS_2D model, that solves the Richards' equation for two-dimensional saturated-unsaturated water flow, has been implemented. Modelling results confirm the suitability of the SWMS_2D model to properly describe the hydrologic response of the green roofs. The model adequately reproduces the hydrographs; furthermore, the predicted soil water content profile generally matches the observed values along a vertical profile where measurements are available.