Super environment-friendly electrodeposition paint

Super low VOC due to new composition/reaction mechanism can minimize the environmental risk as it does not contain lead and tin, hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) and endocrine disrupters (EPA/67 items, SPEED’98/JEA/67 items) currently specified as contaminants. New EAD (electrolyzed activate deposition paint) is not the only conventional cure agent or solvent, but also the super low VOC, HAPs materials and endocrine disrupters. The electric energy used by EAD is utilized for the reaction but not for the deposition. EAD consists of two technologies. One is propargyl group change to the allene by using electrodeposition. Propargyl group is stable, but allene group is highly polymerizing. As a result, EAD had high bath stability. The other is sulfonium change to sulfide by using electrodeposition. This sulfonium salt is lost as a result of the electrolytic reduction, and hence can be irreversibly rendered non-conductive. As a result, EAD showed high throwing power.     

Phase Relationships and Physical Properties of Homologous Compounds in the Zinc Oxide-Indium Oxide System

Equilibrium phase relationships in the ZnO-In₂O₃ system were determined between 1100° and 1400°C using solid-state reaction techniques and X-ray diffractometry. In addition to ZnO and In₂O₃, nine homologous compounds, Zn _k In₂O _{k +3} (where k = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15), were observed. Electrical conductivity and diffuse reflectance of the k = 3, 4, 5, 7 and 11 members were measured before and after annealing at 400°C for 1 h under forming gas (4%₂-96% N₂). Room-temperature conductivity increased as k decreased, because of increased carrier concentration as well as increased mobility. In general, transparency in the wavelength range of 450-900 nm increased as k increased. Reduction in forming gas resulted in increased conductivity and reduced transparency for all compounds measured. The highest room-temperature conductivity measured, 270 S/cm, was that of reduced Zn₃In₂O₆.     

Effect of Firing Temperature on the Thermal Stability of Low-Oxygen Silicon Carbide Fibers

Low-oxygen SiC fibers which were fabricated by curing with electron-beam irradiation and firing at 1273 and 1573 K (fiber-A and fiber-B) were exposed at 1673 to 1973 K. Significant differences in surface composition, crystallinity, specific resistivity, and tensile strength were found between fiber-A and fiber-B. On exposing the fibers to high temperatures, they both crystallized nearly completely into intermixed β-SiC and free carbon, and consequently the resistivity decreased markedly. Deep voids were formed at the surface of fiber-A as a result of rapid dehydrogenation at the earliest stage of high-temperature exposure. On the other hand, fiber-B, which decomposed mildly, had a dense pore-free structure. The fiber strength was proportional to the reciprocal square root of SiC crystal size. At the same crystal size, the strength of fiber-A was lower because of the surface flaws.     

Quantitative evaluation of perceived whiteness based on a color vision model

This article describes a new perceived whiteness index, C/V index, which focuses on the brightness‐enhancement effect of color components included in the spectral reflectance factor distribution of approximate white objects or in the spectral power distribution of illuminations. The index is developed on the basis of a color vision model. The perceived whiteness of 18 approximate white samples was evaluated, and then a predictability of the index was compared with 17 types of existing whiteness indices. As a result, the C/V index was one of the indices indicating the best predicting performance. The aforementioned findings show that the C/V index is effective in evaluating the perceived whiteness of approximate white objects and the brightness‐enhancement effect of color components is an important factor in determining the perceived whiteness. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010     

煤和污泥燃烧和气化过程中汞析出行为的研究

固体燃料和固体废物在燃烧和气化过程中的汞排放问题在全球已经受到广泛关注。该文首先选取3个煤种和3种干城市污泥作为样本，通过热重(TG)实验了解汞在燃烧和气化过程中的基本析出行为。然后选取一个污泥样在滴管炉里燃烧，研究汞在接近实际燃烧状况下的析出行为。通过热平衡计算预测了在和实验相同条件下汞析出的变化趋势。结果表明，污泥燃烧过程中汞的析出行为受到污泥中硫和固定碳含量的抑制，煤燃烧过程中汞的析出行为受到煤中固定碳含量和Cl含量的重要影响。另外，因为单质汞在还原性气氛下极易形成，在气化过程中，即使是低温汞也很快析出。     

绿茶饮料浓缩物缓解体力疲劳实验研究

目的:探讨绿茶饮料浓缩物缓解小鼠体力疲劳的作用。方法:240只清洁级雄性昆明小白鼠随机分为4组,分别以经口灌胃方式给予蒸馏水(对照组)、不同剂量绿茶饮料浓缩物[133mg/(kg·bw),665mg/(kg·bw),1995mg/(kg·bw)],每日1次,连续45d,进行负重游泳实验,测定血乳酸、血清尿素及肝糖原含量。结果:与对照组比,低、中剂量能够增加小鼠负重游泳时间(P<0.01);低剂量组可降低游泳后即刻的血乳酸水平(P<0.05),各剂量组均能降低游泳后20min的血乳酸水平(P<0.05);中剂量组能够增加小鼠肝糖原储备(P<0.05);各剂量组血清尿素水平没有明显变化(P>0.05)。结论:绿茶饮料浓缩物具有缓解小鼠体力疲劳的作用,以中剂量作用最强。     

Effect of geometry and dielectric material on thermo-mechanical strain on micro-vias in build-up substrates

Build-up substrates have been preferable solutions for small and high performance systems for more than a few decades. Micro-vias need to be smaller to realize ever higher wiring density in build-up substrates, but there has been concern on the reliability. This paper focuses on Cu filled micro-vias of 25 μm in diameter and investigates the strain on micro-vias using a finite element method for varying geometric parameters and material properties. The strain becomes smaller with shrinking micro-vias, and a prediction equation for the strain is developed as a function of the aspect ratio and material properties for both single and stacked micro-vias.     

Temperature measurement at flip chip solder joint during electromigration test

Measuring the real temperature of a flip chip solder joint during an electromigration test has been a problem because of its small size and the local Joule heating due to a large applied current. A unique method that employs the electrical resistance change in the junction line between two solder joints was introduced to determine the temperature of the solder joint. The change in resistance was converted into temperature using a thermal coefficient of resistance of the junction line. The method accurately measured temperatures of the solder joint within 2 K until the solder joint resistance change ratio reached 100% due to growth of an electromigration void.     

Prospective method of lightning protection schemes in distribution system

Grounding wires and enclosed ZnO elements have been incorporated generally in 6.6‐kV distribution systems by TEPCO for the reduction of lightning overvoltages. At present, the reliability to lightning surges is tolerably good. However, the facility of grounding wires is not inexpensive and its maintenance is hard due to corrosion and disconnection in some areas. A typical model simulating TEPCO field adopting enclosed ZnO elements has been developed and we have evaluated relative failure risks systematically according to conditions with and without grounding wires against lightning overvoltages. Two kinds of failures discussed in the paper are the flashover of insulation and the overduty of ZnO elements, and two kinds of induced and direct lightning overvoltages are studied in flashover. The greatest problem with no grounding wire is the increase of ZnO elements' duty, but it was demonstrated that a short partial grounding wire around ZnO elements or the selection of heavier ZnO elements provides a solution. The main objectives of this study are to clarify the relative failure risks systematically according to realistic field conditions, the risk of small stroke currents having long duration to ZnO elements' duty, and countermeasures against ZnO elements' overduty. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 127(1): 1–10, 1999