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81.
Rubn Núez Chen Jin Marta Victoria Csar Domínguez Stephen Askins Rebeca Herrero Ignacio Antn Gabriel Sala 《Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications》2016,24(9):1214-1228
Multi‐junction solar cells are widely used in high‐concentration photovoltaic systems (HCPV) attaining the highest efficiencies in photovoltaic energy generation. This technology is more dependent on the spectral variations of the impinging Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) than conventional photovoltaics based on silicon solar cells and consequently demands a deeper knowledge of the solar resource characteristics. This article explores the capabilities of spectral indexes, namely, spectral matching ratios (SMR), to spectrally characterize the annual irradiation reaching a particular location on the Earth and to provide the necessary information for the spectral optimization of a MJ solar cell in that location as a starting point for CPV module spectral tuning. Additionally, the relationship between such indexes and the atmosphere parameters, such as the aerosol optical depth (AOD), precipitable water (PW), and air mass (AM), is discussed using radiative transfer models such as SMARTS to generate the spectrally resolved DNI. The network of ground‐based sun and sky‐scanning radiometers AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) is exploited to obtain the atmosphere parameters for a selected bunch of 34 sites worldwide. Finally, the SMR indexes are obtained for every location, and a comparative analysis is carried out for four architectures of triple junction solar cells, covering both lattice match and metamorphic technologies. The differences found among cell technologies are much less significant than among locations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
82.
Elisa García‐Tabars John A. Carlin Tyler J. Grassman Diego Martín Ignacio Rey‐Stolle Steven A. Ringel 《Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications》2016,24(5):634-644
The evolution of Si bulk minority carrier lifetime during the heteroepitaxial growth of III–V on Si multijunction solar cell structures via metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) has been analyzed. In particular, the impact on Si lifetime resulting from the four distinct phases within the overall MOCVD‐based III–V/Si growth process were studied: (1) the Si homoepitaxial emitter/cap layer; (2) GaP heteroepitaxial nucleation; (3) bulk GaP film growth; and (4) thick GaAsyP1‐y compositionally graded metamorphic buffer growth. During Phase 1 (Si homoepitaxy), an approximately two order of magnitude reduction in the Si minority carrier lifetime was observed, from about 450 to ≤1 µs. However, following the GaP nucleation (Phase 2) and thicker film (Phase 3) growths, the lifetime was found to increase by about an order of magnitude. The thick GaAsyP1‐y graded buffer was then found to provide further recovery back to around the initial starting value. The most likely general mechanism behind the observed lifetime evolution is as follows: lifetime degradation during Si homoepitaxy because of the formation of thermally induced defects within the Si bulk, with subsequent lifetime recovery due to passivation by fast‐diffusing atomic hydrogen coming from precursor pyrolysis, especially the group‐V hydrides (PH3, AsH3), during the III–V growth. These results indicate that the MOCVD growth methodology used to create these target III–V/Si solar cell structures has a substantial and dynamic impact on the minority carrier lifetime within the Si substrate. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
83.
Gonzalo Guillén‐Gosálbez Fernando D. Mele Ignacio E. Grossmann 《American Institute of Chemical Engineers》2010,56(3):650-667
In this article, we address the design of hydrogen supply chains for vehicle use with economic and environmental concerns. Given a set of available technologies to produce, store, and deliver hydrogen, the problem consists of determining the optimal design of the production‐distribution network capable of satisfying a predefined hydrogen demand. The design task is formulated as a bi‐criterion mixed‐integer linear programming (MILP) problem, which simultaneously accounts for the minimization of cost and environmental impact. The environmental impact is measured through the contribution to climate change made by the hydrogen network operation. The emissions considered in the analysis are those associated with the entire life cycle of the process, and are quantified according to the principles of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). To expedite the search of the Pareto solutions of the problem, we introduce a bi‐level algorithm that exploits its specific structure. A case study that addresses the optimal design of the hydrogen infrastructure needed to fulfill the expected hydrogen demand in Great Britain is introduced to illustrate the capabilities of the proposed approach. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010 相似文献
84.
We address in this article a problem that is of significance to the chemical industry, namely, the optimal design of a multi‐echelon supply chain and the associated inventory systems in the presence of uncertain customer demands. By using the guaranteed service approach to model the multi‐echelon stochastic inventory system, we develop an optimization model to simultaneously determine the transportation, inventory, and network structure of a multi‐echelon supply chain. The model is an MINLP with a nonconvex objective function including bilinear, trilinear, and square root terms. By exploiting the properties of the basic model, we reformulate this problem as a separable concave minimization program. A spatial decomposition algorithm based on the integration of Lagrangean relaxation and piecewise linear approximation is proposed to obtain near global optimal solutions with reasonable computational expense. Examples for specialty chemicals and industrial gas supply chains with up to 15 plants, 100 potential distribution centers, and 200 markets are presented. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010 相似文献
85.
The electrochemical performance as potential negative electrode in lithium-ion batteries of graphite materials that were prepared from two Spanish anthracites of different characteristics by heat treatment in the temperature interval 2400-2800 °C are investigated by galvanostatic cycling. The interlayer spacing, d002, and crystallite sizes along the c axis, Lc, and the a axis, La, calculated from X-ray diffractometry (XRD) as well as the relative intensity of the Raman D-band, ID/It, are used to assess the degree of structural order of the graphite materials. The galvanostatic cycling are carried out in the 2.1-0.003 V potential range at a constant current and C/10 rate during 50 cycles versus Li/Li+. Larger reversible lithium storage capacities are obtained from those anthracite-based graphite materials with higher structural order and crystal orientation. Reasonably good linear correlations were attained between the electrode reversible charge and the materials XRD and Raman crystal parameters. The graphite materials prepared show excellent cyclability as well as low irreversible charge; the reversible capacity being up to ∼250 mA h g−1. From this study, the utilization of anthracite-based graphite materials as negative electrode in lithium-ion batteries appears feasible. Nevertheless, additional work should be done to improve the structural order of the graphite materials prepared and therefore, the reversible capacity. 相似文献
86.
Ternary systems consisting of blends of polycarbonate (PC) from bisphenol A and minority amounts of an amorphous polyamide reinforced with organically modified nanoclay (naPA), were obtained in the melt state. The nanoclay was widely exfoliated inside the dispersed naPA phase. The dispersed phase exhibited a very fine size (up to 0.36 µm), indicating compatibilization. Compatibilization was attributed to interactions between the aPA and the PC. The nanocomposite showed a lower compatibility than their corresponding blends. This lower compatibility of the nanocomposite was attributed to a hindrance of the interaction by the migrated surfactant of the organoclay. The presence of fibrillation in conjunction with a dispersed nanoclay resulted in additive enhancing effects on the modulus and yield stress. This led to modulus increases up to 46% with respect to that of the neat matrix upon the addition of 25% naPA‐10. Besides exhibiting these remarkable modulus values, these systems show an elongation at break similar to that of the neat PC matrix.
87.
In this paper we address the topic of energy and water optimization in the production of bioethanol from corn and switchgrass. We show that in order for these manufacturing processes to be attractive, there is a need to go beyond traditional heat integration and water recycling techniques. Thus, we propose a strategy based on mathematical programming techniques to model and optimize the structure of the processes, and perform heat integration including the use of multi-effect distillation columns and integrated water networks to show that the energy efficiency and water consumption in bioethanol plants can be significantly improved. Specifically, under some circumstances energy can even be produced and the water consumption can be reduced below the values required for the production of gasoline. 相似文献
88.
Rodrigo Bocanegra Anikumar G. Gaonkar Antonio Barrero Ignacio G. Loscertales David Pechack Manuel Marquez 《Journal of food science》2005,70(8):e492-e497
An experimental approach to the production of cocoa butter microcapsules containing an aqueous solution or an oil‐in‐water emulsion via electrified coaxial jets is presented here. Recently, a new method to generate nano‐micrometric coaxial jets has been reported. These coaxial jets are generated by electrohydrodynamic forces with diameters that range from hundreds of nanometers to tens of microns. The controlled break‐up of the jets gives rise to an aerosol of compound droplets in which an outer liquid coats an inner one. This technique has turned out to be an effective method to encapsulate aqueous‐based food ingredients such as flavors, aromas, enzymes, salts, minerals, and vitamins in the micrometric range with relatively high monodispersity and controllable geometrical parameters of the capsules such as thickness of the shell or number of inner cores in the capsules. 相似文献
89.
Aflatoxin M1 in pasteurized and ultrapasteurized milk with different fat content in Mexico 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
High per capita milk consumption in Mexico indicated a strong need for documentation of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) levels in milk. A survey of 580, 2-liter samples (n = 290), was conducted to quantify AFM1 using high-performance liquid chromatography, considering two maximum tolerance levels (0.05 and 0.5 microg/liter). We relate aflatoxin levels in the seven most consumed brands from different regions, with two processes (pasteurized and ultrapasteurized), different expiration dates, and different fat content: whole fat (28, 30, and 33 g), half-skimmed (10, 16, and 20 g), light (1, 2, and 4 g), and with vegetable oil. Pasteurization and ultrapasteurization did not diminish AFM1 contamination present at levels of 0 to 8.35 microg/liter in 40% of the milk samples at concentrations > or = 0.05 microg/liter and in 10% of the samples at > or = 0.5 microg/liter. Statistically significant relationships were AFM1 contamination with brand (P = 0.002 at the > or = 0.05 microg/liter level and P = 0.034 at the > or = 0.5 microg/ liter level) and higher AFM1 levels with mild or warm seasons of the year (P = 0.0003). Samples with greater fat content had slightly more probability (P = 0.067) of being contaminated by AFM1 at the > or = 0.5 microg/liter level. The milk with the lowest contamination of AFM1 was a brand imported as powder and rehydrated in Mexico. 相似文献
90.
Absolute Determination of the Gelling Point of Gelatin under Quasi‐thermodynamic Equilibrium 下载免费PDF全文
Franco Bellini Ivana Alberini María G. Ferreyra Ignacio Rintoul 《Journal of food science》2015,80(5):C935-C941
Thermodynamic studies on phase transformation of biopolymers in solution are useful to understand their nature and to evaluate their technological potentials. Thermodynamic studies should be conducted avoiding time‐related phenomena. This condition is not easily achieved in hydrophilic biopolymers. In this contribution, the simultaneous effects of pH, salt concentration, and cooling rate (Cr) on the folding from random coil to triple helical collagen‐like structures of gelatin were systematically studied. The phase transformation temperature at the absolute invariant condition of Cr = 0 °C/min (TTCr=0) is introduced as a conceptual parameter to study phase transformations in biopolymers under quasi‐thermodynamic equilibrium and avoiding interferences coming from time‐related phenomena. Experimental phase diagrams obtained at different Cr are presented. The TTCr=0 compared with pH and TTCr=0 compared with [NaCl] diagram allowed to explore the transformation process at Cr = 0 °C/min. The results were explained by electrostatic interactions between the biopolymers and its solvation milieu. 相似文献