A comparative biochemical study of two industrially produced short‐ripened cow's milk cheeses with PDO status: Rennet‐curd Tetilla cheese and acid‐curd Cebreiro cheese

The aim of this study was to characterise industrial Tetilla and Cebreiro Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) Spanish cheeses from a biochemical point of view and to relate some of the biochemical parameters to the cheesemaking process. Some differences in the amounts of organic acids and free amino acids between the two types of cheese were attributed to milk characteristics and the processing technology. The most abundant volatile compounds in both types of cheese were ethanol, isopropanol and diacetyl. The simple and nonspecific volatile profiles of the cheeses appear to be related to the commercial mesophilic DL‐starters used in the manufacturing process.     

应用现代主义

显然,结果要比我们想象得更近一步。大多数设计项目的开始阶段总是充满选择,这样在众多的可变因素中找到平衡,将他们综合到一起,得出一个概念,一个想法显得非常必要。随着时间的推移,将深化这些概念和想法,弥补不足,让他们更加完善。理想中,设计过程应该就像如上解释的那样运行,但遗憾的是,在北京的项目实践中很少有条件这样做。满足客户口味、"与众不同"且是还未出现的新事物,这些需求引导设计走向又一个"什么都行"的版本。这种"什么都行"早已在世界设计界内出现了几十年,他们一次又一次带来相同的后果。认为所有的想法都可行或有一个诗意的阐释就可以的做法并不正确。从历史角度看,建筑和建筑师因他们的学术和文化底蕴,     

Influence of Surfactant on the Characteristics of W1/O/W2-Microparticles

The water-in-oil-in water (W₁/O/W₂) double emulsion evaporation technique is widely used when the microencapsulation of soluble agents like naloxone HCl is intended. The present work shows the effect of HLB emulsifiers added to phase O on microsphere morphology, size, release, drug encapsulation efficiency. The addition of sorbitan ester to first emulsion (W₁/O) and the HLB of the surfactant have an important effect on the characteristics of poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) microparticles (MP). This MP with sorbitan esters added were smaller and released the hydrophilic drug, naloxone, with no-significant difference at pH 5 versus pH 7.5 (phosphate medium). This is an important fact when long-drug release is considered since it is known that PLGA degradation leads to media acidification. The HLB value had an important effect on drug loading. Sorbitan monooleate led to the highest naloxone loading. Because of its low HLB (4.3), it is most suitable for stabilizing the W₁/O emulsion, which is fundamental for the successful entrapment of a hydrophilic compound in MP prepared by double emulsion technique. Finally, drug solubility in the MP matrixes cannot be considered as a predictive parameter for drug encapsulation. Both surfactants increased the naloxone solubility in the polymer PLGA and only sorbitan monooleate increased the drug entrapment.     

An antibacterial coating based on a polymer/sol-gel hybrid matrix loaded with silver nanoparticles

In this work a novel antibacterial surface composed of an organic-inorganic hybrid matrix of tetraorthosilicate and a polyelectrolyte is presented. A precursor solution of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and poly(acrylic acid sodium salt) (PAA) was prepared and subsequently thin films were fabricated by the dip-coating technique using glass slides as substrates. This hybrid matrix coating is further loaded with silver nanoparticles using an in situ synthesis route. The morphology and composition of the coatings have been studied using UV-VIS spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) was also used to confirm the presence of the resulting silver nanoparticles within the thin films. Finally the coatings have been tested in bacterial cultures of genus Lactobacillus plantarum to observe their antibacterial properties. It has been experimentally demonstrated that these silver loaded organic-inorganic hybrid films have a very good antimicrobial behavior against this type of bacteria.     

Hybrid Analysis of Nonlinear Circuits: DAE Models with Indices Zero and One

We extend in this paper some previous results concerning the differential-algebraic index of hybrid models of electrical and electronic circuits. Specifically, we present a comprehensive index characterization which holds without passivity requirements, in contrast to previous approaches, and which applies to nonlinear circuits composed of uncoupled, one-port devices. The index conditions, which are stated in terms of the forest structure of certain digraph minors, do not depend on the specific tree chosen in the formulation of the hybrid equations. Additionally, we show how to include memristors in hybrid circuit models; in this direction, we extend the index analysis to circuits including active memristors, which have been recently used in the design of nonlinear oscillators and chaotic circuits. We also discuss the extension of these results to circuits with controlled sources, making our framework of interest in the analysis of circuits with transistors, amplifiers, and other multiterminal devices.     

Computational design of metadevices for heat flux manipulation considering the transient regime

The present work introduces the optimization-based approach for the design of metadevices to manipulate the heat flux in transient regime. It consists of solving a continuous, nonlinear, constrained, large-scale optimization problem where the objective function (to be minimized) is the error in accomplishing a given heat flux manipulation task along a transient heat conduction process. The response of the metadevice is modeled by using the finite element method, and its design is characterized by a set of parameters defining the material at all the finite elements in the device. These parameters are the design variables of the optimization problem, being chosen from an admissible design set in order to guarantee the feasibility of the optimal solution. As an example, this optimization-based approach is applied to the design of a heat flux shielding metadevice. Compared to a metadevice designed under the classical thermodynamics transformation approach and intuition, the current device performs the shielding task with considerably higher success. In order to highlight the versatility of the proposed optimization-based design method, this approach is also applied to the design of metadevices to satisfy multiple different simultaneous tasks, particularly shielding and cloaking.     

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions in cross-linked chitosan membranes

Chitosan membranes with different cross-linking density were prepared by modifying cross-linking time. Sodium tripolyphosphate was the cross-linking agent. A pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance study was performed on uncross-linked and cross-linked membranes. Different fraction of water molecules were identified in different zones within the membranes. The ratio of water molecules per chitosan repeating unit were calculated. A maximum of twelve water molecules were tightly coordinated to the chitosan repeating unit. Also, a very small water molecule fraction was identified but it was mobile enough as not to contribute to the dipolar interactions. The cross-linking reaction could lead to the formation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions. These two types of interactions could result in the coexistence of a network formed by hydrophilic and hydrophobic micropores. This knowledge could be useful for the interpretation of results of hydrophobic drugs permeation across hydrophilic membranes. For example, the increment of estradiol fluxes across chitosan membranes with an increase in cross-linking density.     

Beyond instrument selection: Cultural considerations in the psychological assessment of U.S. Latinas/os.

Currently the second largest U.S. ethnic group, U.S. Latinas/os are projected to continue increasing as a proportion of the U.S. population over the next century. The culturally competent psychological evaluation of U.S. Latinas/os requires both the use of instruments that are adequately validated in that population and the adequate consideration of culturally linked factors known to influence the assessment process and its findings. This article makes foundational recommendations in this second area, organizing them along 4 stages of professional practice in psychological assessment. Consultation with qualified professionals is discussed as being important in ensuring the accurate and ethical psychological assessment of U.S. Latinas/os at all stages of professional practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)