A neuropsychological investigation of multitasking in HIV infection: Implications for everyday functioning.

Objective: A subset of individuals with HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment experience related deficits in “real world” functioning (i.e., independently performing instrumental activities of daily living [IADL]). While performance-based tests of everyday functioning are reasonably sensitive to HIV-associated IADL declines, questions remain regarding the extent to which these tests' highly structured nature fully captures the inherent complexities of daily life. The aim of this study was to assess the predictive and ecological validity of a novel multitasking measure in HIV infection. Method: Participants included 60 individuals with HIV infection (HIV+) and 25 demographically comparable seronegative adults (HIV?). Participants were administered a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, questionnaires assessing mood and everyday functioning, and a novel standardized test of multitasking, which involved balancing the demands of four interconnected performance-based functional tasks (i.e., financial management, cooking, medication management, and telephone communication). Results: HIV+ individuals demonstrated significantly worse overall performance, fewer simultaneous task attempts, and increased errors on the multitasking test as compared to the HIV? group. Within the HIV+ sample, multitasking impairments were modestly associated with deficits on standard neuropsychological measures of executive functions, episodic memory, attention/working memory, and information processing speed, providing preliminary evidence for convergent validity. More importantly, multivariate prediction models revealed that multitasking deficits were uniquely predictive of IADL dependence beyond the effects of depression and global neurocognitive impairment, with excellent sensitivity (86%), but modest specificity (57%). Conclusions: Taken together, these data indicate that multitasking ability may play an important role in successful everyday functioning in HIV+ individuals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Structural Determinants of the Sign of the Pyroelectric Effect in Quasi‐Amorphous SrTiO3 Films

The magnitude and direction of the permanent electric polarization in the non‐crystalline, polar phase (termed quasi‐amorphous) of SrTiO₃ in SiSiO₂MeSrTiO₃Me, (Me = Cr or W), SiSrRuO₃SrTiO₃, and SiSrTiO₃ layered structures were investigated. Three potential sources of the polarization which appears after the material is pulled through a temperature gradient were considered: a) contact potential difference; b) a flexoelectric effect due to a strain gradient caused by substrate curvature; and c) a flexoelectric effect due to the thermally induced strain gradient that develops while pulling through the steep temperature gradient. Measurements show that options a) and b) can be eliminated from consideration. In most cases studied in this (SiSrTiO₃, SiSiO₂MeSrTiO₃Me, M = Cr or W) and previous works (SiBaTiO₃, SiBaZrO₃), the top surface of the quasi‐amorphous phase acquires a negative charge upon heating. However, in SiSrRuO₃SrTiO₃ structures the top surface acquires a positive charge upon heating. On the basis of the difference in the measured expansion of the upper and lower surfaces of the SrTiO₃ layer in the presence and absence of SrRuO₃, we contend that the magnitude and direction of the pyroelectric effect are determined by the out‐of‐plane gradient of the in‐plane strain in the SrTiO₃ layer while pulling through the temperature gradient.     

Can a bibliometric indicator predict the success of an analgesic?

In the assessment of success of new analgesic drugs over the past 50 years (Kissin, Anesth Analg 110:780–789, 2010) we observed a difference in the publication response to a new drug between biomedical journals in general and top journals: number of published articles on a drug increased (and declined) more rapidly in the top journals. Based on this phenomenon we present a new publication indicator—the Top Journal Selectivity Index (TJSI). It represents the ratio between the number of all types of articles in the top 20 biomedical journals and the number of articles in all (>5,000) journals covered by Medline, over 5 years after a drug’s introduction. Ten analgesics developed during the period 1986–2009 were selected for analysis. Three publication indices were used for assessment: the number of all types of articles presented in Medline, the number of articles covering only randomized controlled trials (RCT), and the Top Journal Selectivity Index. We also assessed the success score in the development of these analgesics based on the following criteria: novelty of molecular target, analgesic efficacy, and response by the pharmaceutical market. The relationships between the publication indices and analgesic’s success score were determined with the use of the Pearson correlation coefficient. Positive relationship was found only with the Top Journal Selectivity Index (r = 0.876, p < 0.001). We suggest that this index can predict success in drug development at least in the field of analgesics.     

Electrophoretic deposition of poly[3-(3-N,N-diethylaminopropoxy)thiophene] and composite films

Poly[3-(3-N,N-diethylaminopropoxy)thiophene] (PDAOT) was prepared by oxidative polymerization and investigated by ultraviolet (UV), Raman and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. Protonated PDAOT was dissolved in water or ethanol/water mixtures and deposited by cathodic electrophoretic deposition (EPD) on conductive substrates. Film thickness was varied in the range of 0–5 μm by controlling the deposition voltage and deposition time. PDAOT was found to form strong supramolecular interactions with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), allowing the formation of stable and concentrated nanotube dispersions, which were used for the formation of composite PDAOT–SWNT films by EPD. Furthermore, introduction of ZnO particles to the PDAOT solutions also allowed the formation of PDAOT–ZnO composite films by EPD. The composition of the films was varied by changing the concentration of SWNTs and ZnO in the suspensions. The dispersion of ZnO particles was improved using protonated dopamine (DA) as a dispersant. The deposits were studied by X-ray analysis (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).     

Cross-Property Connection between Work-Hardening Coefficient and Electrical Resistivity of Stainless Steel During Plastic Deformation

Present paper focuses on the cross-property connection between the changes in electrical resistivity and work hardening coefficient in the process of plastic deformation. The possibility of the cross-property connection is provided by the fact that both quantities are governed by the same parameter - growth of the dislocation density caused by the applied stresses. Experimental measurements on stainless steel 304 are in a good agreement with analytical estimates.     

Experimental Study of Film Condensation of FC-72 Vapour on Disk-Shaped Fin

The results of activity made in the framework of preparation of the experiment SAFIR (Single fin condensAtion: FIlm local measuRements) of European Space Agency are presented. First prototype of the test cell has been developed and tested. Confocal technique has been adopted for condensate film thickness measurements. Experiments on condensation of the liquid FC-72 have been carried out. Average heat transfer coefficient has been measured in the range of 880–1440 W/m² K and compared to the Nusselt theory.     

Experimental Study of Laminar Convective Condensation of Pure Vapor Inside an Inclined Circular Tube

Convective condensation of pure ethanol vapor inside a smooth tube of inner diameter 4.8 mm and of length 200 mm is studied. The experiments have been carried out at temperature 58°C corresponding to the pressure of 440 mbar, the vapor mass velocity varying from 0.24 to 2.04 kg/(m² s). The dependency of the Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) is investigated experimentally both subject to the temperature difference between the saturated vapor and the wall and subject to the condenser inclination. The results show that the HTC reduces with growth of the temperature difference. The dependency of the HTC on inclination has a maximum in the range 15°–35° due to the complex gravity drainage mechanism of the condensed liquid. The results could be useful for development of compact effective cooling systems for space and ground application.     

Realistic modeling of complex oxide materials

Since electronic and magnetic properties of many transition-metal oxides can be efficiently controlled by external factors such as the temperature, pressure, electric or magnetic field, they are regarded as promising materials for various applications. From the viewpoint of the electronic structure, these phenomena are frequently related to the behavior of a small group of states located near the Fermi level. The basic idea of this project is to construct a model for the low-energy states, derive all the parameters rigorously on the basis of density functional theory (DFT), and to study this model by modern techniques. After a brief review of the method, the abilities of this approach will be illustrated on a number of examples, including multiferroic manganites and spin-orbital-lattice coupled phenomena in RVO₃ (where R is the three-valent element).     

Experimental observation of speckle instability in a two-dimensional disordered medium

Temporal fluctuations of the speckle pattern formed upon backscattering of a laser beam from an interface between gold and nonlinear polymer film have been observed as a function of optical power. The instability can be explained by coupling of laser light to surface plasmons and other guided modes, which experience multiple scattering while propagating in the film along the interface. The speckle pattern produced in this process is extremely sensitive to fluctuations of the scattering potential near the interface.