Evaluation of a delayed coking process by H and C n.m.r. spectroscopy: 2. Detailed interpretation of liquid n.m.r. spectra

The ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectra of a delayed coking feedstock and products, presented in a previous paper, are analysed here in detail by matching results from inspection of both nuclei. The conventional spectra of whole samples are used in combination with elemental analysis data, and substantial agreement is obtained. Differences are explored to yield valuable information. Interpretation of some band assignments is modified to account for new results. This approach results in a detailed quantitative estimation of a few key structures that contain the main functional groups that characterize these petroleum fractions.     

3D Modeling of electromigration combined with thermal–mechanical effect for IC device and package

This paper studies the numerical simulation method for electromigration in IC device and solder joint in a package under the combination of high current density, thermal load and mechanical load. The three dimensional electromigration finite element model for IC device/interconnects and solder joint reliability are developed and tested. Numerical experiment is carried out to obtain the electrical, thermal and stress fields with the migration failure under high current density loads. The direct coupled analysis and in-direct coupled analysis that include electrical, thermal and stress fields are investigated and discussed. The viscoplastic ANAND constitutive material model with both SnPb and SnAgCu lead-free solder materials is considered in the paper. An IC device is studied to show the modeling methodology and the comparison with previous test data. A global CSP package with PCB is modeled using relative coarse elements. In order to reduce the computational costs and to improve the calculation accuracy, a refined mesh sub-model is constructed. The sub-model technique is studied in a direct and indirect coupled multiple fields. The comparison of voids generation through numerical example in this paper and previous experimental result is given.     

The future of 1984

George Orwell's 1984 is essentially about the future of technology, in particular, four technologies: the technology of surveillance, of behavior modification, of reclamation, and of newspeak. Practical issues that follow in the wake of Orwell's indictment of technology have to do with the predictive power of the work: how close has science fiction come to predicting socio-technical fact? Finally, Orwell raises the ethical issue of how scientists can identify the future consequences of their technologies and how they can be exonerated from these consequences.     

Indeterminacy of heritability of thought disorder: Reply to Matthysse and Holzman (1988).

The points raised by Matthysse and Holzman (1988) center around two major issues: (a) how to measure thought disorder and (b) how to think about its relation to schizophrenia and the etiology of that disorder. Some of the limitations that Matthysse and Holzman (1988) note appear to be based on misunderstandings of our (Berenbaum, Oltmanns, & Gottesman, 1985) methods, particularly what we were measuring and why we were measuring it. We, too, were surprised to find no evidence that these fundamental aspects of formal thought disorder are heritable. We do not know whether other anomalies of verbal communication are heritable. The issue must be resolved through further empirical investigation. Finally, some aspects of the model proposed by Matthysse and Holzman are open to serious question. The assumption that there is no relation between severity of illness and the underlying liability that precipitated the illness is most likely incorrect. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Obituary: Frank A. Beach (1911–1988).

Frank Beach was born in Emporia, Kansas, on April 13, 1911 and died in Berkeley, California, on June 15, 1988. During the intervening years, Beach emerged as one of the most significant biological psychologists of this century. His scientific contributions bridged three interwoven fields of study: behavioral endocrinology, sexual behavior, and the comparative study of animal behavior. His career took him from high school teaching, to Karl Lashley's Cambridge laboratory, to the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, to Yale University, and to the University of California, Berkeley. Beach wrote a lengthy term paper that was expanded into his pioneering monograph, Hormones and Behavior, which was published in 1948. This publication initiated the modern era of behavioral endocrinology. As a "co-founder" of this discipline (with W. C. Young), he initiated publication of the journal Hormones and Behavior and functioned until the end of his life as unofficial historian of this new field. Beach contributed to his science in virtually all of the ways that are open to a contemporary scholar. He carried out extensive programmatic research, published critical theoretical articles and monographs, taught several generations of students, and served on committees for a variety of professional scientific organizations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Catalytic Synthesis of Chemicals from Coal

While the oil and gas needed for the production of chemicals in the United States is only a small percentage of the total oil and gas consumed, the manufacture and use of chemicals from these hydrocarbons has a tremendous impact on the economy of the country. A study by A. D. Little, Inc. [1] in 1973 showed that the impact of a 15% decline in production of organic chemicals could result via a “multiplier” effect in a loss of over 1,700,000 jobs and a $65 to 70 billion loss in the production value of goods. One need only look around to see how pervasive and ubiquitous chemicals from petroleum products are in everyday life; our clothes, our food (fertilizers), all sorts of polymers, plastics, drugs and medicinal, tires, tubing, building materials, automobile interiors-the list is long and verge important to the economic health and growth of the country.