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51.
Anker Lajer Højberg Jens Christian Refsgaard Frans van Geer Lisbeth Flindt Jørgensen István Zsuffa 《Water Resources Management》2007,21(10):1649-1672
Implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) poses many new challenges to European water managers. Monitoring
programmes play a key role to assess the status and identify possible trends in the environmental conditions of river basins;
to gain new knowledge on water processes and to assess to which extent implemented measures actually have the expected effects
in terms of improving the environmental status. Despite a general acknowledgement in the scientific community on the benefits
of using monitoring and modelling jointly, it has not been the common practise in the European monitoring programmes so far.
Several obstacles may be identified which limits the joint use of monitoring and modelling, such as lack of the required skill,
lack of time, lack of confidence in models but also a lack of awareness on how models can be used in practise. In this paper
we provide examples on how modelling can support the monitoring programmes to meet the objectives of the monitoring programmes
in the WFD more efficiently. The extent to which the monitoring requirements in the WFD can be expected to supply sufficient
data for modelling purposes is further addressed. This question is, however, not well posed, as the data requirement for modelling
is highly dependent on the required accuracy of the model results. 相似文献
52.
Gábor Dobos Katalin V. Josepovits Ágoston Böröczki István Csányi György Hárs 《International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials》2009,27(4):764-767
Oxide coverage of molybdenum plays an important role in several applications, for example in lighting industry. Surface conditioning procedures were simulated in an XPS instrument by in situ heat treatments while monitoring the surface composition and changes in the chemical states of molybdenum. Heat treatments have been made at different temperatures between 435 and 690 °C under vacuum conditions. It has been observed that during heating the molybdenum test samples the native MoO3 layer on the surface dissociates, and a layer of suboxides forms on the surface. This layer hinders the further reduction of the surface, thus reaction speed decreases after the initial phase. It has been established that in the second phase of the heat treatment the activation energy of the process is 1.1 ± 0.2 eV. Reduction of MoO3 to elemental molybdenum runs through two intermediate states: Mo6+ → Mo5+ → Mo4+ → Mo0. 相似文献
53.
According to wind-climatic requirement of wind farms wind speed should exceed the so called cut-in speed. If this inequality is realized then regarding the wind-climatic features of Hungary the following conditions may occur: the wind turbine is operating with high probability, energy is generated; it is working in a regulated mode with low probability; it is not working with very low probability. Therefore in terms of continuous energy production by wind one question arises: are there any temporal and/or orographic shifts in different heights compared to the wind-climatic condition mentioned above. In this paper this question is analyzed on the basis of seven Hungarian meteorological stations that have hourly measured wind speed data considering the period between 1991 and 2000. The probability of wind speeds exceeding 3 m/s, statistics of wind speed intervals higher and lower than 3 m/s and statistics of average hourly wind speed intervals higher than 3 m/s were analyzed at the heights of 10, 30 and 60 m. A statistical parameter that is proportional to the average specific wind power of a day in a time period was defined and, its connection to the average length of those intervals that have higher or equal hourly average wind speeds more than 3 m/s in a given month was investigated. With the help of such parameters the value of monthly average specific wind power can be estimated. 相似文献
54.
Gergely Márton Marcell Kiss Gábor Orbán Anita Pongrácz István Ulbert 《Microsystem Technologies》2015,21(3):619-624
The advanced technology of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) makes possible precise and reproducible construction of various microelectrode arrays (MEAs) with patterns of high spatial density. Polymer-based MEMS devices are gaining increasing attention in the field of electrophysiology, since they can be used to form flexible, yet reliable electrical interfaces with the central and the peripheral nervous system. In this paper we present a novel MEA, designed for obtaining neural signals, with a polyimide (PI)—platinum (Pt)—SU-8 layer structure. Electrodes with special, arrow-like shapes were formed in a single row, enabling slight penetration into the tissue. The applied process flow allowed reproducible batch fabrication of the devices with high yield. In vitro characterization of the electrode arrays was performed with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in lactated Ringer’s solution. Functional tests were carried out by performing acute recordings on rat neocortex. The devices have proven to be convenient tools for acute in vivo electrocorticography. 相似文献
55.
56.
Ultrafast relaxation dynamics of charge carriers in CdSe quantum wires with diameters between 6 and 8 nm are studied as a function of carrier density. At high electron-hole pair densities above 10(19) cm(-3) the dominant process for carrier cooling is the "bimolecular" Auger recombination of one-dimensional (1D) excitons. However, below this excitation level an unexpected transition from a bimolecular (exciton-exciton) to a three-carrier Auger relaxation mechanism occurs. Thus, depending on excitation intensity, electron-hole pair relaxation dynamics in the nanowires exhibit either 1D or 0D (quantum dot) character. This dual nature of the recovery kinetics defines an optimal intensity for achieving optical gain in solution-grown nanowires given the different carrier-density-dependent scaling of relaxation rates in either regime. 相似文献
57.
Gordana Vujković Đerđ Karlović Ivan Vujković István Vörösbaranyi Branislava Jovanović 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1999,76(4):475-480
Lipids have a complex role in the nutritional value of food. Some polyunsaturated fatty acids, characterized as essential,
are extremely important for human health. This is primarily related to α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3)
and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3). Content of polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids is usually much higher in lipids of marine
fish than in freshwater fish. Previous investigations have shown that muscle tissue of silver carp and bighead carp from fish
farms may be a rich source of essential fatty acids. Because of that, the objective of this work was to examine contents and
composition of fatty acids and total lipids in the muscle tissue of silver and bighead carp, with the aim to find out whether
there are significant differences in this respect between the two species and to what extent the harvest season can influence
the composition of lipids in these freshwater fish. This study showed that there is no significant difference either in the
content of polyunsaturated n-3 and n-6 fatty acids, or in the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio in these two fish species. The lipids
of both the silver and bighead carp from the spring harvest have significantly higher contents of the n-3 acids and a significantly
lower n-6/n-3 ratio than fish from the autumn harvest. 相似文献
58.
Jelinek B Antal J Venekei I Gráf L 《Protein engineering, design & selection : PEDS》2004,17(2):127-131
In a previous successful attempt to convert trypsin to a chymotrypsin-like protease, 15 residues of trypsin were replaced with the corresponding ones in chymotrypsin. This suggests a complex mechanism of substrate recognition instead of a relatively simple one that only involves three sites, residues 189, 216 and 226. However, both trypsin-->elastase and chymotrypsin-->trypsin conversion experiments carried out according to the complex model resulted in non-specific proteases with low catalytic activity. Chymotrypsin used in the latter studies was of B-type, containing an Ala residue at position 226. Trypsins, however, contain a conserved Gly at this site. The substantially decreased trypsin-like activity of the G226A trypsin mutant also suggests a specific role for this site in substrate binding. Here we investigate the role of site 226 by introducing the A226G substitution into chymotrypsin-->trypsin mutants which were constructed according to both the simple (S189D mutant) and the complex model (S(1) mutant) of specificity determination. The kinetic parameters show that the A226G substitution in the S(1) mutant increased the chymotrypsin-like activity, while the trypsin-like activity did not change. In contrast, this substitution in the S189D chymotrypsin mutant resulted in a 100-fold increase in trypsin-like activity and a trypsin-like specificity profile as tested on a competing oligopeptide substrate library. Additionally, the S189D+A226G mutant is the first trypsin-like chymotrypsin that undergoes autoactivation, an exclusive property of trypsinogen among pancreatic serine proteases. 相似文献
59.
Learning Tetris using the noisy cross-entropy method 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The cross-entropy method is an efficient and general optimization algorithm. However, its applicability in reinforcement learning (RL) seems to be limited because it often converges to suboptimal policies. We apply noise for preventing early convergence of the cross-entropy method, using Tetris, a computer game, for demonstration. The resulting policy outperforms previous RL algorithms by almost two orders of magnitude. 相似文献
60.
In this paper, we propose a novel lightweight approximate authentication algorithm that provides efficient protection for
wireless video streaming where attacks on the stream are possible, but classical integrity protection algorithms are impractical
because bit errors occur naturally. The benefits of the proposed algorithm over other algorithms are fast execution and small
message authentication code size. Moreover, the approximate authentication supports error resilient video decoding by dropping
seriously damaged packets, thus improving the perceived quality of the video stream. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated
via numerical analysis, simulations and measurements over modeled and real wireless channels. 相似文献