Host-pathogen interactions in bovine mammary epithelial cells and HeLa cells by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis

Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen that causes subclinical bovine mastitis due to several virulence factors. In this study, we analyzed S. aureus isolates collected from the milk of cows with subclinical mastitis that had 8 possible combinations of bap, icaA, and icaD genes, to determine their capacity to produce biofilm on biotic (bovine primary mammary epithelial cells and HeLa cells) and abiotic (polystyrene microplates) surfaces, and their ability to adhere to and invade these cells. We also characterized isolates for microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMM) and agr genes, and for their susceptibility to cefquinome sulfate in the presence of biofilm. All isolates adhered to and invaded both cell types, but invasion indexes were higher in bovine primary mammary epithelial cells. Using tryptic soy broth + 1% glucose on abiotic surfaces, 5 out of 8 isolates were biofilm producers, but only the bap⁺icaA⁺icaD⁺ isolate was positive in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium. The production of biofilm on biotic surfaces occurred only with this isolate and only on HeLa cells, because the invasion index for bovine primary mammary epithelial cells was too high, making it impossible to use these cells in this assay. Of the 5 biofilm producers in tryptic soy broth + 1% glucose, 4 presented with the bap/fnbA/clfA/clfB/eno/fib/ebpS combination, and all were protected from cefquinome sulfate. We found no predominance of any agr group. The high invasive potential of S. aureus made it impossible to observe biofilm in bovine primary mammary epithelial cells, and we concluded that cells with lower invasion rates, such as HeLa cells, were more appropriate for this assay.     

Physical Properties of Chocolate with Addition of Cocoa Butter Equivalent of Moderate Hardness

In this study, the fat phase of chocolate samples which contained cocoa butter from Ghana and cocoa butter equivalent (CBE) of moderate hardness was analyzed. Physical properties and shelf life of chocolate depend on the fat phase behavior as well as the amount and composition of added CBE. The laboratory-made chocolate samples were tempered at three different pre-crystallization temperatures (25, 27 and 29 °C), with three different concentrations of CBE, amounting to 3, 5 and 7 %, calculated on chocolate. The color and other physical attributes of chocolate samples were investigated by the following analytical methods: thermoreographic measurement, solid fat content (SFC) of chocolate, Blooming test (thermo-cycle test 32/20 °C) and color measurement. It was found that using CBE of moderate hardness did not change the melting properties of chocolate in relation to the investigated cocoa butter from Ghana (of moderate hardness). It was found that all three applied temperatures of pre-crystallization are optimum for the chocolate mass with the addition of the investigated CBE under the given measurement conditions. At all these temperatures, the chocolate had excellent fat bloom resistance.     

Thermosensitive hydrogels for modified release of ellagic acid obtained from Alchemilla vulgaris L. extract

Stimulus-sensitive hydrogels are used as carriers for modified release of pharmaceuticals. The synthesis of thermosensitive hydrogels poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), p(NIPAM), and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate), p(NIPAM-HPMet), is performed. The synthesized hydrogels are characterized using FTIR and scanning electron microscope methods and swelling properties, and applied for modified release of ellagic acid (EA). This work presents the selective extraction of EA, as a natural antioxidant, from the aerial parts of Alchemilla vulgaris L. EA and A. vulgaris extract are incorporated into p(NIPAM) and p(NIPAM-HPMet) hydrogels and characterized by FTIR method. The EA content in the extract by the UHPLC–DAD–HESI–MS/MS method is determined (0.64?mg?cm^?3). The total flavonoids content in the A. vulgaris extract was determined by the spectrophotometric method. Antioxidant activity of the A. vulgaris extract and EA is examined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. The p(NIPAM-HPMet) shows a better incorporation and release at 37°C of EA standard and A. vulgaris extract (98.87 and 96.45% respectively), compared with p(NIPAM).     

Feature Selection Using Grey Wolf Optimization with Random Differential Grouping

Big data are regarded as a tremendous technology for processing a huge variety of data in a short time and with a large storage capacity. The user’s access over the internet creates massive data processing over the internet. Big data require an intelligent feature selection model by addressing huge varieties of data. Traditional feature selection techniques are only applicable to simple data mining. Intelligent techniques are needed in big data processing and machine learning for an efficient classification. Major feature selection algorithms read the input features as they are. Then, the features are preprocessed and classified. Here, an algorithm does not consider the relatedness. During feature selection, all features are misread as outputs. Accordingly, a less optimal solution is achieved. In our proposed research, we focus on the feature selection by using supervised learning techniques called grey wolf optimization (GWO) with decomposed random differential grouping (DrnDG-GWO). First, decomposition of features into subsets based on relatedness in variables is performed. Random differential grouping is performed using a fitness value of two variables. Now, every subset is regarded as a population in GWO techniques. The combination of supervised machine learning with swarm intelligence techniques produces best feature optimization results in this research. Once the features are optimized, we classify using advanced kNN process for accurate data classification. The result of DrnDG-GWO is compared with those of the standard GWO and GWO with PSO for feature selection to compare the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. The accuracy and time complexity of the proposed algorithm are 98% and 5 s, which are better than the existing techniques.     

Artificial neural networks for optimising camera‐based colour measurements of prints enhanced with pearlescent pigments

Pearlescent pigments are widely used in printing due to their optical, chemical and physical properties. To analyse the effects of goniochromism they produce, the colorimetric characterisation of materials printed with pearlescent pigments requires multi‐angular measurements. In this study, the colours of prints enhanced with pearlescent pigments were measured by means of a digital camera, relying on the empirical camera characterisation method. Since this method is time‐consuming, it was altered to enable estimates of colorimetric values for different geometries to be measured on the basis of images captured at one viewing angle. This approach was based on the use of artificial neural networks which were shown to provide sufficient flexibility for the given task. The results indicate that the images obtained at the viewing angle of 45° aspecular (measuring geometry 45°/asp 45°) accurately estimate CIELab values for all of the tested measuring geometries. The proposed method is therefore not only time‐efficient but also reduces the associated errors due to the camera's movement, and enables the estimation of colorimetric values for those viewing angles inaccessible by camera.     

Development of a microwave-assisted extraction for the analysis of phenolic compounds from Rosmarinus officinalis

For potent biological activity natural phenols are considered as compounds with perspective of being isolated in their pure form from natural sources. For analytical purposes, as well as for potential industrial application, it is important to apply extraction procedure that allows efficient and time-consuming extraction of polyphenols. In this study a microwave-assisted extraction procedure has been optimized in respect to the recovery of rosemary polyphenols. The optimization was performed in respect to total polyphenols, flavonoids, total anthocyanins, monomeric and condensed anthocyanins. The efficiency of different solvents was investigated for different classes of polyphenols, as well as the influence of the magnetron power and the extraction time. The efficiency of the extraction using optimized extraction protocol for total phenolics was compared with that achieved by Soxhlet and ultrasound-assisted extraction. The present work proposes an optimal microwave-assisted extraction program for the determination of total polyphenolics, flavonoids, total anthocyanins, monomeric and condensed anthocyanins from rosemary.     

Static Headspace Gas Chromatographic Method for Aldehyde Determination in Crackers

The aim of this work was to develop and validate static headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detection method for determination of five aldehydes selected as markers for lipid oxidation, present in freshly baked and stored crackers with high fat content. Chromatographic conditions defined in this method allow the separation of propanal, pentanal, hexanal, heptanal and octanal within 15 min. Relative standard deviations (RSD) of the retention times for repeatability and intermediate precision for all compounds were less than 1.75 and 0.22 %, respectively. For the obtained peak areas, RSD for repeatability and intermediate precision were less than 3.86 and 4.32 %, respectively. Recovery was within the range of 60–99 %. Each analyte showed an excellent linear behaviour over the set concentration range, with correlation coefficient (R ² ) values above 0.99. Limits of quantification for propanal, pentanal, hexanal, heptanal and octanal were 0.10, 0.05, 0.08, 0.02 and 0.02 μg, respectively. The proposed method accomplishes the requirements for the method selectivity, precision, sensitivity, accuracy and linearity needed for determination of aldehydes in bakery products. Quantification of aldehydes was achieved for both freshly baked and stored crackers over a long period of time.     

Nina J号——感观的爆发点

毋庸置疑，Nina J号游艇是一个完美的整体，谁也不忍心将它分割，宽阔的船体结构，42m的长度和流线型的外观在整体上给人一种单一，纯净的视觉体验。     

Organo-niobate Ionic Liquids: Synthesis,Characterization and Application as Acid Catalyst in Pechmann Reactions

The combinations of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride with NbCl₅ yielded ionic mixtures with different melting point temperatures and acidity depending on the niobium molar fraction. The mixtures were characterized by thermal (DSC) and spectroscopic (FT-IR and ¹H NMR) analysis. The Pechmann reactions of different phenols with ethylacetoacetate, producing coumarins, was used as model to evaluate the catalytic behavior of these mixtures as acid Lewis catalyst. These reactions were carried out using acidic mixtures of 60 mol%.     

New Apatite‐Type Oxide Ion Conductor,Bi2La8[(GeO4)6]O3: Structure,Properties, and Direct Imaging of Low‐Level Interstitial Oxygen Atoms Using Aberration‐Corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

The new solid electrolyte Bi₂La₈[(GeO₄)₆]O₃ is prepared and characterized by variable‐temperature synchrotron X‐ray and neutron diffraction, aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, and physical property measurements (impedance spectroscopy and second harmonic generation). The material is a triclinic variant of the apatite structure type and owes its ionic conductivity to the presence of oxide ion interstitials. A combination of annular bright‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy experiments and frozen‐phonon multislice simulations enables direct imaging of the crucial interstitial oxygen atoms present at a level of 8 out of 1030 electrons per formula unit of the material, and crystallographically disordered, in the unit cell. Scanning transmission electron microscopy also leads to a direct observation of the local departures from the centrosymmetric average structure determined by diffraction. As no second harmonic generation signal is observed, these displacements are non‐cooperative on the longer length scales probed by optical methods.