Hydrogen entry into iron after potential jumps from cathodic to anodic polarization in 0.1 M NaOH without and with EDTA or sodium molybdate

Hydrogen can enter into iron or steel during anodic polarization when bare metal is exposed, e.g. during stress corrosion cracking, erosion or friction. The hydrogen permeation rate (HPR) through a 35-μm thick iron membrane was studied with the electrochemical technique in 0.1 M NaOH without and with EDTA or Na₂MoO₄ during cathodic and anodic polarization at 25 °C. Anodic polarization of the bare metal was performed by applying fast jumps of anodic potentials to the cathodically treated surface. The jumps resulted in transients of enhanced HPR which continued to rise despite the starting decay of anodic current. The enhanced HPR can be ascribed to acidification associated with anodic oxidation of iron. It is proposed that the continued rise of HPR during anodic current decay can be explained by the formation of low-protective layers which hinder diffusion of hydrated protons out of the metal surface and thereby increase their concentration at the surface. The enhancement of HPR was strongly decreased by EDTA, but increased by Na₂MoO₄ at noble potentials. It is suggested that these effects can be explained in terms of the thickness and type of low-protective layers.     

The model of maintenance planning and production scheduling for maximising robustness

The accuracy of prediction and detection capability have a strong influence over the efficiency of the bottleneck, all equipment and the production system. The function of predictive scheduling is to obtain stable and robust schedules for a shop floor. The first objective is to present an innovative maintenance planning and production scheduling method. The approach consists of four modules: a database to collect information about failure-free times, a prediction module of failure-free times, predictive scheduling and rescheduling module, a module for evaluating the accuracy of prediction and maintenance performance. The second objective is to apply the proposed methods for a job shop scheduling problem. Usually, researchers who are concerned about maintenance scheduling do not take unexpected disturbances into account. They assume that machines are always available for processing tasks during the future-planned production time. Moreover, researches use the criteria that are not effective to deal with the situation of unpredicted failures. In this paper, a method based on probability theory is proposed for maintenance scheduling. For unpredicted failures, a rescheduling method is also proposed. The evaluation module which gives information about the degradation of each performance measure and the stability of a schedule is proposed.     

Multi-scale modelling of elastic moduli of trabecular bone

We model trabecular bone as a nanocomposite material with hierarchical structure and predict its elastic properties at different structural scales. The analysis involves a bottom-up multi-scale approach, starting with nanoscale (mineralized collagen fibril) and moving up the scales to sub-microscale (single lamella), microscale (single trabecula) and mesoscale (trabecular bone) levels. Continuum micromechanics methods, composite materials laminate theory and finite-element methods are used in the analysis. Good agreement is found between theoretical and experimental results.     

Preparation and thermal characterization of poly(ethylene oxide)/griseofulvin solid dispersions for biomedical applications

In this work, a series of poly(ethylene oxide)/griseofulvin (PEO/gris) solid dispersions has been prepared and characterized by PLM, FTIR, DSC, and MT‐DSC. It has been found that the crystalline phase morphology depends strongly on the PEO molecular weight and, in the PEO/gris systems, griseofulvin molecules stay in amorphous phase of PEO, which enhances the solubility of a drug and increases its biological access. For PEO‐drug systems containing 5, 10, and 15% gris, FTIR bands due to stretching vibrations of the O? H groups were found at 3436, 3436, and 3413 cm^?1, respectively, whereby for pure PEO 3400, they were located at 3513 cm^?1—the observed shift proves the existence of hydrogen bonds between PEO and griseofulvin. The presence of griseofulvin caused lowering of the systems' melting temperature in the whole concentration range and, as evidenced by MT‐DSC results, recrystallization of PEO in the PEO/griseofulvin systems during melting does occur. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Golden and Silver–Golden Chitosan Hydrogels and Fabrics Modified with Golden Chitosan Hydrogels

Golden and silver–golden chitosan hydrogels and hydrogel-modified textiles of potential biomedical applications are investigated in this work. The hydrogels are formed by reactions of chitosan with HAuCl₄·xH₂O. For above the critical concentration of chitosan (c*), chitosan–Au hydrogels were prepared. For chitosan concentrations lower than c*, chitosan–Au nano- and microgels were formed. To characterise chitosan–Au structures, sol–gel analysis, UV–Vis spectrophotometry and dynamic light scattering were performed. Au concentration in the hydrogels was determined by the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Colloidal chitosan–Au solutions were used for the modification of fabrics. The Au content in the modified fabrics was quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersion X-ray spectrometer was used to analyse the samples. Reflectance spectrophotometry was applied to examine the colour of the fabrics. The formation of chitosan–Au–Ag hydrogels by the competitive reaction of Au and Ag ions with the chitosan macromolecules is reported.     

Heme Oxygenase-1 Has a Greater Effect on Melanoma Stem Cell Properties Than the Expression of Melanoma-Initiating Cell Markers

Melanoma-initiating cells (MICs) contribute to the tumorigenicity and heterogeneity of melanoma. MICs are identified by surface and functional markers and have been shown to display cancer stem cell (CSC) properties. However, the existence of MICs that follow the hierarchical CSC model has been questioned by studies showing that single unselected melanoma cells are highly tumorigenic in xenotransplantation assays. Herein, we characterize cells expressing MIC markers (CD20, CD24, CD133, Sca-1, ABCB1, ABCB5, ALDH^high) in the B16-F10 murine melanoma cell line. We use flow cytometric phenotyping, single-cell sorting followed by in vitro clonogenic assays, and syngeneic in vivo serial transplantation assays to demonstrate that the expression of MIC markers does not select CSC-like cells in this cell line. Previously, our group showed that heme-degrading enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) can be upregulated in melanoma and increase its aggressiveness. Here, we show that HO-1 activity is important for non-adherent growth of melanoma and HO-1 overexpression enhances the vasculogenic mimicry potential, which can be considered protumorigenic activity. However, HO-1 overexpression decreases clone formation in vitro and serial tumor initiation in vivo. Thus, HO-1 plays a dual role in melanoma, improving the progression of growing tumors but reducing the risk of melanoma initiation.     

Characterisation of Trichomonas vaginalis Isolates Collected from Patients in Vienna between 2019 and 2021

Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) is the causative agent of trichomoniasis, the most common nonviral sexually transmitted disease. TV can carry symbionts such as Trichomonas vaginalis virus (TVV) or Mycoplasma hominis. Four distinct strains of TV are known: TVV1, TVV2, TVV3, and TVV4. The aim of the current study was to characterise TV isolates from Austrian patients for the presence of symbionts, and to determine their effect on metronidazole susceptibility and cytotoxicity against HeLa cells. We collected 82 TV isolates and detected presence of TVV (TVV1, TVV2, or TVV3) in 29 of them (35%); no TVV4 was detected. M. hominis was detected in vaginal/urethral swabs by culture in 37% of the TV-positive patients; M. hominis DNA was found in 28% of the TV isolates by PCR. In 15% of the patients, M. hominis was detected in the clinical samples as well as within the respective TV isolates. In 22% of the patients, M. hominis was detected by culture only. In 11 patients, M. hominis was detected only within the respective cultured TV isolates (13%), while the swab samples were negative for M. hominis. Our results provide a first insight into the distribution of symbionts in TV isolates from Austrian patients. We did not observe significant effects of the symbionts on metronidazole susceptibility, cytotoxicity, or severity of symptoms.     

Antifungal Effect of Penicillamine Due to the Selective Targeting of L-Homoserine O-Acetyltransferase

Due to the apparent similarity of fungal and mammalian metabolic pathways, the number of established antifungal targets is low, and the identification of novel ones is highly desirable. The results of our studies, presented in this work, indicate that the fungal biosynthetic pathway of L-methionine, an amino acid essential for humans, seems to be an attractive perspective. The MET2 gene from Candida albicans encoding L-homoserine O-acetyltransferase (CaMet2p), an enzyme catalyzing the first step in that pathway, was cloned and expressed as the native or the oligo-His-tagged fusion protein in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzymes were purified and characterized for their basic molecular properties and substrate specificities. The purified MET2 gene product revealed the appropriate activity, catalyzed the conversion of L-homoserine (L-Hom) to O-acetyl-L-homoserine (OALH), and exhibited differential sensitivity to several L-Hom or OALH analogues, including penicillamine. Surprisingly, both penicillamine enantiomers (L- and D-Pen) displayed comparable inhibitory effects. The results of the docking of L- and D-Pen to the model of CaMet2p confirmed that both enantiomeric forms of the inhibitor are able to bind to the catalytic site of the enzyme with similar affinities and a similar binding mode. The sensitivity of some fungal cells to L-Pen, depending on the presence or absence of L-Met in the medium, clearly indicate Met2p targeting. Moreover, C. glabrata clinical strains that are resistant to fluconazole displayed a similar susceptibility to L-Pen as the wild-type strains. Our results prove the potential usefulness of Met2p as a molecular target for antifungal chemotherapy.     

The Origin and Biomedical Relevance of Cannabigerol

The constant search for new pharmacologically active compounds, especially those that do not exhibit toxic effects, intensifies the interest in plant-based ingredients and their potential use in pharmacotherapy. One of the plants that has great therapeutic potential is Cannabis sativa L., a source of the psychoactive Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC), namely cannabidiol (CBD), which exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and cannabigerol (CBG)—a biologically active compound that is present in much smaller quantities. CBG is generated during the non-enzymatic decarboxylation of cannabigerolic acid, a key compound in the process of biosynthesis of phytocannabinoids and consequently the precursor to various phytocannabinoids. By interacting with G-protein-coupled receptors, CBG exhibits a wide range of biological activities, inter alia, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal activities, regulation of the redox balance, and neuromodulatory effects. Due to the wide spectrum of biological activities, CBG seems to be a very promising compound to be used in the treatment of diseases that require multidirectional pharmacotherapy. Moreover, it is suggested that due to the relatively rapid metabolism of cannabigerol, determination of the concentration of the phytocannabinoid in blood or oral fluid can be used to determine cannabis use. Therefore, it seems obvious that new therapeutic approaches using CBG can be expected.