Dynamic Changes of Headspace Gases in CO2 and N2 Packaged Fresh Beef

Two independent experiments were conducted to examine the effects of initial packaging/product conditions and storage conditions on in-package headspace pressure changes for modified atmosphere packaged beef during 12 hr storage. Headspace-to-meat volume ratio 1.8 to 5.9, surface area 200--800 cm², sample volume 0.22–0.75L, storage at 3–13°C and initial gas composition 20–100% CO₂ balanced with N₂ were studied. Headspace-to-meat volume ratio was the most important packaging parameter, but surface area and meat volume also affected headspace CO₂ changes. Decreased storage temperature reduced CO₂ concentration remaining in headspace. Higher initial CO₂ concentration resulted in greater concentration changes.     

EFFECT OF SODIUM LACTATE, CALCIUM LACTATE AND SODIUM ALGINATE ON BACTERIAL GROWTH AND AMINOPEPTIDASE ACTIVITY

The effects of sodium alginate (0.4 and 0.8%), calcium lactate (0.15 and 0.3%) and sodium lactate (60% solution; 1, 2, 3 and 4%) on growth and aminopeptidase activity of Pseudomonas fragi ATCC 4973 and Salmonella typhimurium in trypticase soy broth or autoclaved ground beef were studied for 5 days at 5°C. Sodium alginate and calcium lactate did not change colony counts of P. fragi or S. typhimurium; and had only slight effects on aminopeptidase activity. Sodium lactate (3 and 4%) showed inhibitory activity on growth and aminopeptidase activity of P. fragi. Sodium lactate also decreased aminopeptidase activity of S. typhimurium but had no major influence on colony counts. In general, aminopeptidase activity was inhibited more than cell multiplication by higher levels of alginate and sodium lactate .     

RECOVERY OF VIBRIO METSCHNIKOVII FROM MARKET SEAFOOD

Vibrio metschnikovii, a potentially pathogenic marine bacterium, was recovered from a wide variety of finfish and shellfish purchased at fish markets and supermarkets. Because limited information is available on the occurrence of this organism in food products and human disease, the observations may be relevant to public health considerations of seafood consumption .     

THE LIMITS AND POTENTIAL OF NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS IN PARTICIPATORY PLANNING: A CASE STUDY OF THE NEW YORK HIV PLANNING COUNCIL

ABSTRACT: In addition to providing a wide range of essential services in local communities, service‐providing nonprofit organizations play an important role in shaping de facto local social policy through their participation in community‐based planning processes that guide or determine the distribution of federal funding for health and social services. This social policy role has become increasingly important in the United States as the federal government continues to privatize health and human services through providing grant funds to states and cities that are ultimately used to support local nonprofit health and social service organizations. The important role of service‐providing nonprofits in shaping local social policy has been understudied, as most studies on nonprofits and policy‐making focus on citizen advocacy organizations and their lobbying and protest activities, primarily at the national level. This study uses the case of the New York HIV Planning Council to address this gap in the literature, highlighting the benefits and pitfalls of an urban community planning process dominated by service providers from local nonprofit social service organizations whose own organizations are affected by the planning group's decisions. Factors that contributed to nonprofit providers' dominance as well as factors that limited their self‐interested behavior are reviewed. The relationship between the HIV nonprofit service system and the AIDS social movement is explored in light of theory on new social movements to help explain why nonprofit providers were sometimes able to promote attentiveness to the general public good while also advocating for their more self‐interested organizational needs.     

Effect of Frozen Storage on the Gel-forming Properties of Hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae)

The possibility of using frozen hoki to make surimi was investigated. At intervals, fish were thawed under controlled conditions and gels were then made from minces of the flesh. Both puncture and torsion tests showed the quality of gels declined with duration of storage of frozen hoki. This decline was matched by a decrease in pH and an increase in formaldehyde concentration in the frozen flesh. The data suggest a land-based surimi plant could not be operated outside the harvesting season to any appreciable extent using frozen hoki stored at -29°C.     

REINFORCEMENT VERSUS RELATIONSHIP THERAPY FOR SCHIZOPHRENICS.

EVALUATED THE EFFICACY OF REINFORCEMENT VS. RELATIONSHIP THERAPY ON A GROUP OF 22 CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENICS. THE GROUPS RECEIVED BOTH THERAPIES IN BALANCED ORDER. UNDER REINFORCEMENT THERAPY IMPROVED BEHAVIOR WAS REWARDED WITH POKER CHIPS EXCHANGEABLE FOR MEALS. UNDER RELATIONSHIP THERAPY EACH S MET DAILY FOR 10-13 WK. WITH AN INDIVIDUAL THERAPIST. BEFORE AND AFTER EACH THERAPY, SS WERE RATED FOR SOCIAL BEHAVIOR, WORK COMPETENCE, AND ON CONCEPTUAL AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS. TESTS OF MENTAL EFFICIENCY, ASSOCIATIVE LOOSENESS, WORK SET, SOCIAL SKILLS, AND SELF-CONCEPT WERE ALSO USED. BOTH THERAPIES IMPROVED FUNCTIONING, BUT THERE WERE NO SYSTEMATIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THEM. (16 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EFFECTS OF "DREAM DEPRIVATION" ON DREAM CONTENT: AN ATTEMPTED CROSS-NIGHT REPLICATION.

ATTEMPTED TO REPLICATE, IN A CROSS-NIGHT DESIGN, THE FINDING THAT EARLY-NIGHT REM-SLEEP DEPRIVATION LEADS TO MORE DREAMLIKE LATE NIGHT REM-SLEEP MENTATION. 8 SS WERE REM DEPRIVED ON NIGHT 1 AND PSEUDODEPRIVED ON NIGHT 3, WHILE 8 SS WERE RUN IN THE REVERSE ORDER. REPORTS OF MENTAL CONTENT WERE ELICITED FROM NREM AND REM SLEEP ON NIGHTS 2 AND 4, SS AND "WATCHERS" COMPLETED GOUGH ADJECTIVE CHECK LISTS (ACLS) ON S BEHAVIOR DURING DAYS 2 AND 4. DEPRIVATION PRODUCED NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN WAKING BEHAVIOR, NREM OR REM MENTATION, OR IN THE SLEEP CYCLE. FINDINGS ARE DISCUSSED IN TERMS OF DREAM THEORY AND METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF DEPRIVATION RESEARCH. DEPRIVATION LOWERED DAYTIME ORAL TEMPERATURE, AND ACL RESPONSES PREDICTED PSYCHOLOGICAL COMPENSATION FROM DEPRIVATION. (19 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of Grinding on Flaw Geometry and Fracture of Glass

Fracture mechanics is combined with fracture surface analysis to analyze brittle failure of glass bars which were tested relative to the direction of grinding. Grinding essentially produces two sets of flaws from which failure occurs. In the most severe set, formed basically parallel to the grinding direction, the ratio of the average depth ( a ) to the half-width ( b ) is 0.5. In the less severe set, formed perpendicular to the grinding direction, the average a / b ratio is 1.6. In both sets the most severe flaws are generally associated with a particularly deep grinding groove or gouge. The strength reduction resulting from testing perpendicular to the grinding direction results from the larger flaw size and slightly higher stress-intensity factor resulting from the greater ellipticity of the flaws formed parallel to the grinding grooves and perpendicular to the tensile axis. Detailed analysis of these 2 sets of flaws causing failure of appropriately oriented specimens shows that (1) the fracture mirror radius, r , occurs at a constant stress-intensity level independent of flaw geometry; (2) unsymmetric fracture mirrors result from unsymmetric, irregular flaws leading to unsymmetric stress-intensity distributions; (3) is constant for semielliptical flaws; and (4) fracture energy calculated from an expression including mirror constants, the flaw-to-mirror size ratio, and the flaw geometry agrees with measured values over a wide range of a / b values.