Self-Diffusion of Iron in Molten Fe-C Alloys

Self-diffusion coefficients of iron in molten Fe-C alloys have been measured by using the capillary method. In addition, the samples have been autoradiographed and sectioned to insure that no significant convection has occurred during the diffusion. The results can be represented by the equation D = 4.3×10^?3 exp (—12.200/RT) for carbon = 4.6 pct and T = 1513° to 1633°K; and D = 1.0×10^?2 exp (—15,700/RT) for carbon = 2.5 pct and T = 1613° to 1673°K. The D values are higher and the heat of activation for diffusion lower in alloys containing more carbon. Calculation based on the Einstein-Stokes equation indicates that the diffusing species is iron ion.     

A computational fluid dynamic analysis of gas and particle flow in flame spraying

The flame spraying process, which is a common industrial thermal spraying application, has been analyzed by means of three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The process used at the Volvo Aero Corporation for the coating of fan and compressor housings has been modeled. The process uses the Metco 6P torch (Metco, Westbury, NY), which ejects a mixture of acetylene and oxygen at high speed through a ring of 16 orifices to form the flame. A stream of argon gas flowing through an orifice in the center of the ring carries a powder of nickel-covered bentonite through the flame to the spray substrate. The torch is cooled by a flow of air through an outer ring of 9 orifices. The simulation emulated reality closely by including the individual inlets for fuel, cooling air, and injected particles. The gas combustion was simulated as a turbulent, multicomponent chemically reacting flow. The standard, two-equation k-ε turbulence model was used. The chemical reaction rates appeared as source terms in the species transport equations. They were computed from the contributions of the Arrhenius rate expressions and the Magnussen and Hjertager eddy dissipation model. The first simulations included several intermediate chemical substances whose predicted concentration agreed favorably with measurements. Later, more simplified simulations incorporated only the global chemical reaction involving the initial and the final products, with corrections to the thermal properties being made to account for the missing intermediaries. The gas velocity and temperature fields predicted by the later simulations compared satisfactorily to those predicted by the earlier, more elaborate, ones. Therefore, the final simulations, which incorporated injected particles, were conducted employing the simplified model with only the global reaction. An in-house finite difference code was developed to calculate particle properties. Allowance was made for elliptical shapes, phase changes, and internal heat transfer with regard to the composite material. The particle velocities and temperatures predicted by the final simulations compared fairly well with experimental results obtained with the optical DPV2000 system.     

Self-organized porous TiO2 and ZrO2 produced by anodization

The present work investigates the electrochemical formation of self-organized high aspect ratio TiO₂ and ZrO₂ nanotube layers. The formation and growth of a self-organized porous layer can be achieved directly by anodization without any templates in fluoride containing electrolytes. The morphology of the porous layers is affected by the electrochemical conditions such as the electrolyte composition, the pH and the exact polarization treatment (such as the potential sweep rate from the open-circuit potential to the anodizing potential). For Ti, nanotube layers are formed with diameters varying from approx. 20 nm to 100 nm and lengths from approx. 0.25 μm to 2.5 μm depending on the electrolytes and pH. On the other hand, for Zr, tubes of 50 nm in diameter and up to approx. 17 μm in length can be grown—a key parameter in this case is the potential sweep rate. The large difference between Ti and Zr in the achievable thickness of nanotube layers indicates a difference in the growth mechanism which may be based on the different chemical dissolution rates of electrochemically formed oxides.     

Investigation of the grain coarsening behavior of some Aluminum alloys

Grain coarsening tests were carried out on Al-4.5 pct Cu and Al-4.5 pct Si alloys. The effects of three variables, melt composition, pour temperature, and mold temperature, were determined. It was found that the macrostructure generally coarsened with increased pour and mold temperatures. Coarsening was extreme in the unrefined alloys but was retarded by the active grain refiners like titanium and columbium. The effect of boron was spectacular in suppressing coarsening tendencies. The results of the investigation support the carbide theory of nucleation as opposed to the peritectic theory.     

Chromium distribution between liquid iron and molten basic slags

An equilibrium study was made of the distribution of chromium and oxygen between liquid iron, containing less than 1 pct Cr, and simple slags of the CaO(MgO)-SiO₂-FeO-Cr₂O₃ type in the temperature range 1526° to 1734°C The effects of slag oxidation, temperature, and basicity were observed.     

External sorting on flash storage: reducing cell wearing and increasing efficiency by avoiding intermediate writes

This paper studies the problem of how to conduct external sorting on flash drives while avoiding intermediate writes to the disk. The focus is on sort in portable electronic devices, where relations are only larger than the main memory by a small factor, and on sort as part of distributed processes where relations are frequently partially sorted. In such cases, sort algorithms that refrain from writing intermediate results to the disk have three advantages over algorithms that perform intermediate writes. First, on devices in which read operations are much faster than writes, such methods are efficient and frequently outperform Merge Sort. Secondly, they reduce flash cell degradation caused by writes. Thirdly, they can be used in cases where there is not enough disk space for the intermediate results. Novel sort algorithms that avoid intermediate writes to the disk are presented. An experimental evaluation, on different flash storage devices, shows that in many cases the new algorithms can extend the lifespan of the devices by avoiding unnecessary writes to the disk, while maintaining efficiency, in comparison with Merge Sort.     

Strong Convergence Analysis of Batch Gradient-Based Learning Algorithm for Training Pi-Sigma Network Based on TSK Fuzzy Models

By combining of the benefits of high-order network and TSK (Tagaki-Sugeno-Kang) inference system, Pi-Sigma network is capable to dispose with the nonlinear problems much more effectively, which means it has a compacter construction, and quicker computational speed. The aim of this paper is to present a gradient-based learning method for Pi-Sigma network to train TSK fuzzy inference system. Moreover, some strong convergence results are established based on the weak convergence outcomes, which indicates that the sequence of weighted fuzzy parameters gets to a fixed point. Simulation results show the modified learning algorithm is effective to support the theoretical results.     

Image inpainting algorithm based on TV model and evolutionary algorithm

With the development of modern image processing techniques, the numbers of images increase at a high speed in network. As a new form of visual communication, image is widely used in network transmission. However, the image information would be lost after transmission. In view of this, we are motivated to restore the image to make it complete in an effective and efficient way in order to save the network bandwidth. At present, there are two main methods for digital image restoration, texture-based method and non-textured-based method. In the texture-based method, Criminisi algorithm is a widely used algorithm. However, the inaccurate completion order and the inefficiency in searching matching patches are two main limitations of Criminisi algorithm. To overcome these shortcomings, in this paper, an exemplar image completion based on evolutionary algorithm is proposed. In the non-textured-based method, total variation method is a typical algorithm. An improved total variation algorithm is proposed in this paper. In the improved algorithm, the diffusion coefficients are defined according to the distance and direction between the damaged pixel and its neighborhood pixel. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithms have better general performance in image completion. And these two new algorithms could improve the experience of network surfing and reduce the network communication cost.     

A Model of Green Acceptance and Intentions to Use Bike-Sharing: YouBike Users in Taiwan

With the emphasis on sustainability in transportation, bike-sharing systems are gaining popularity. This paper investigates the attitudes of users of a bike-sharing system with the aim of identifying their priorities, thus allowing local governments to focus their efforts most effectively on enhancing users’ intentions to use such systems. The relationships among green perceived usefulness (the extent to which individuals believe that a bike-sharing system will improve the environmental performance of some part of their life within a specific context), user attitude and perceived ease of use with green intentions, and the mediation effect of user attitude towards bike-sharing are explored. The focus of the study is on how to enhance green intentions via perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and user attitude of the green technology acceptance model (green TAM) (Davis 1989). The two-step approach of structural equation modeling was applied to analyze the empirical results, which indicated that green perceived usefulness and user attitude have positive influences on the green intentions of 262 users and 262 non-users from ten sampled bike-sharing sites around the central administrative districts of Taipei. However, user attitude has the highest mediation effect on green intentions, and perceived ease of use does not have a significant effect on intentions for either users or non-users. Therefore, governmental institutions can strive to improve the attitudes of bike-sharing users and non-users, their green perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use to strengthen their intentions to use this mode of sustainable transportation.