Electrolytically initiated intramolecular cyclization of 2-nitrobiphenyl-2'-carboxylic acid

Controlled-potential electroreduction at mercury cathodes of 2-nitrobiphenyl-2'-carboxylic acid(I) and of its ethyl ester (III) shows that a follow-up intramolecular cyclisation occurs leading prevalently to the corresponding lactam (phenanthridone, reaction (1h)) or to the hydroxamic acid (N-hydroxyphenanthridone, reaction (1a)). The intermediates are the hydroxylamino and the amino derivatives. It follows from comparison of polarographic measurements, cp coulometry and preparative electrolysis that the reduction does not take place here as cp-electrolysis and the competition of non-electrolytical mechanisms must be taken into account.     

Forward and Backward Four-wave Mixing of Non-classical Light with Pump Depletion

Abstract

Photon statistics and non-classical behaviour of forward and backward four-wave mixing are examined including the coupling of modes in the approximation of small fluctuations around a stationary point, which is analytically determined and conditions for its stability are obtained. The depletion of pump modes is involved and effects of nonlinear dynamics, non-classical behaviour of input radiation, external noise and losses are included.