The effects of examiner race on the articulation responses of black school-aged children

A program for the integration of chronic psychiatric patients into independent living in the community is described and data indicating its success are presented. The program is based on an educational, behavioral, social systems model, where "educational" refers directly to teaching skills which a person lacks, "behavioral" deals with providing the motivation to perform these skills and to precisely operationalize and measure the effectiveness of the steps in learning them, and "social systems" describes influencing clients' social environments in their interests. The model has wider implications for reintegrating a variety of socially marginal individuals into the mainstream of society.     

Evidence for internal phosphorus loading,hypoxia and effects on phytoplankton in partially polymictic Lake Simcoe,Ontario

Hypoxia and cyanobacterial blooms were extensive in Lake Simcoe during the 1980s and are still a problem to a lesser degree despite extensive nutrient load reduction from the catchment basin. The continuing signs of productivity indicate a potential internal phosphorus (P) source. Internal P load, as a redox-dependent release from bottom sediments, is hard to determine in a large, relatively shallow and partially unstratified lake such as Lake Simcoe. Of the lake's three major basins, only Kempenfelt Bay stratifies long enough to develop hypoxia in the stagnant summer hypolimnion. The following indications of sediment P release are available from historic data: 1) hypolimnetic hypoxia still occurs in Kempenfelt Bay although the hypoxic factor (number of days that an area equal to the bay's surface area is overlain by water of ≤ 2 mg/L dissolved oxygen, DO) has decreased substantially and significantly from 15.8 d/yr (1980–1994) to 4.0 d/yr (1995–2011); 2) hypoxic factors for other lake sections and at different DO levels also indicate widespread hypoxia; 3) concentrations of redox dependent metals, Fe and Mn, increase with depth; and 4) euphotic zone P and chlorophyll concentrations increase and water clarity decreases during fall turnover. Cyanobacterial blooms appear to occur in response to internal load as supported by occasional cyanobacteria counts. These indicators provide evidence that internal loading is likely occurring and affecting the water quality in Lake Simcoe. We expect that further monitoring, specific for internal load, will corroborate these results.     

The changing face of bullying: An empirical comparison between traditional and internet bullying and victimization

Electronic aggression, or cyberbullying, is a relatively new phenomenon. As such, consistency in how the construct is defined and operationalized has not yet been achieved, inhibiting a thorough understanding of the construct and how it relates to developmental outcomes. In a series of two studies, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFAs and CFAs respectively) were used to examine whether electronic aggression can be measured using items similar to that used for measuring traditional bullying, and whether adolescents respond to questions about electronic aggression in the same way they do for traditional bullying. For Study I (n = 17 551; 49% female), adolescents in grades 8-12 were asked to what extent they had experience with physical, verbal, social, and cyberbullying as a bully and victim. EFA and CFA results revealed that adolescents distinguished between the roles they play (bully, victim) in a bullying situation but not forms of bullying (physical, verbal, social, cyber). To examine this further, Study II (n = 733; 62% female), asked adolescents between the ages of 11 and 18 to respond to questions about their experience sending (bully), receiving (victim), and/or seeing (witness) specific online aggressive acts. EFA and CFA results revealed that adolescents did not differentiate between bullies, victims, and witnesses; rather, they made distinctions among the methods used for the aggressive act (i.e. sending mean messages or posting embarrassing pictures). In general, it appears that adolescents differentiated themselves as individuals who participated in specific mode of online aggression, rather than as individuals who played a particular role in online aggression. This distinction is discussed in terms of policy and educational implications.     

Are Cyberbullies really bullies? An investigation of reactive and proactive online aggression

Cyberbullying, or online aggression, is an issue of increasing concern, however little research has been conducted on the motivations underlying this form of aggression. Using a mixed-method approach, by means of survey and interview data, we explored whether online aggressive acts were motivated by proactive (intentionally aggressing to obtain a resource or a goal), and/or reactive (aggression that occurs in reaction to provocation) reasons. Participants for the survey portion of the study included 733 adolescents between the ages of 10 and 18, while a subset of 15 adolescents participated in semi-structured interviews. Factor analysis revealed that, in contrast to traditional forms of bullying, adolescents do not identify themselves according to the role they played in an internet aggressive situation (i.e. bully, victim, witness), but according to the method of aggression they used (i.e. sending mean messages, posting embarrassing photos, and developing hostile websites). More interestingly, regression analyses demonstrated that motivations for aggressing online also varied according to method of aggression rather than role. For example, adolescents who chose to aggress by posting mean messages or posting embarrassing photos were more likely to do so for reactive reasons, while adolescents who spent time creating hostile websites did so for proactive reasons.     

Micro-yielding in a precipitation hardening Cu 1.81 wt % Be 0.28 wt % Co alloy

The microstrain characteristics of a polycrystalline Cu 1.81 wt % Be 0.28 wt % Co precipitation hardening alloy have been determined for various precipitate conditions. The friction stress derived from measurements of closed hysteresis loops was found to remain constant ( 3 MN m^–2) for all the conditions investigated. In contrast, the microscopic yield stress (MYS) remained constant (18 to 24 MN m^–2) for most ageing conditions, but increased significantly (to 48 to 64 MN m^–2) for conditions associated with a high G.P. zone or precipitate density.     

The effect of antioxidants on the production, of volatile nitrosamines during the frying of bacon

Summary In model system studies simulating the frying of bacon a considerable variation in the production of N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NOPyr) has been observed, as occurs in sliced bacon fried conventionally. The inclusion of ascorbate or erythorbate (isoascorbate) has led consistently to a fall in or an elimination of NOPyr production up to an addition of 300 ppm (1,5 mM). Above this concentration of ascorbate, the elimination of NOPyr formation persisted in some instances but in others an increased production of the nitrosamine occurred. Using-tocopherol, a fall of NOPyr production during the simulated frying of bacon was obtained with increase of concentration of the antioxidant, there being a consistent elimination of the volatile nitrosamine following an addition of 500 ppm (1.16 mM). Whilst ascorbyl palmitate had a similar action in reducing or eliminating NOPyr production, no synergistic effect between it and a-tocopherol was noted in an experiment combining the two antioxidants. When bacon was fried in fat containing 400 or 800 ppm-tocopherol, the total production of NOPyr and DMN in the fried bacon, cooked out fat and condensate was markedly reduced but not completely eliminated as in the model system studies. Similarly, the curing of bacon with a brine containing a mixture of-tocopherol, ascorbyl palmitate and citric acid has led to considerable reductions in NOPyr and DMN output on frying when the combined concentrations of the two anti-oxidants were calculated to be 800 ppm.

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Der Einfluß von Antioxydantien auf die Entwicklung flüchtiger Nitrosamine während des Bratens von Speck

Zusammenfassung Bei Untersuchungen in Modell-Systemen, in denen das Braten von Speck simuliert wurde, stellte man eine nennenswerte Variation in der Entstehung von N-Nitrosopyrrolidin (NOPyr) fest, wie sie auch bei konventionell gebratenem Scheibenspeck auftritt. Der Zusatz von Ascorbat oder Isoascorbat hat bei einem Zusatz bis zu 300 ppm (1,5 mmol) regelmäßig zur Abnahme der NOPyr-Produktion geführt. Bei größerer Ascorbatkonzentration nahm die NOPyr-Bildung in einigen Fällen ab, in anderen setzte dagegen eine erhöhte Nitrosaminbildung ein. Bei Anwendung von-Tokopherol wurde eine Abnahme in der NOPyr-Bildung während des simulierten Bratens von Speck bei zunehmender Antioxydantien-Konzentration erreicht, wobei ein gleichbleibendes Verschwinden des flüchtigen Nitrosamins eine Folge des Zusatzes von 500 ppm (1,16 mmol) war. Während Ascorbylpalmitat eine ähnliche Wirkung in der Reduzierung der NOPyr-Bildung hatte, konnte bei einem Experiment, bei dem die beiden Antioxydantien zugegen waren, keine synergistische Wirkung festgestellt werden. Wenn Speck in 400 oder 800 ppm-Tokopherol enthaltendem Fett gebraten wude, war die Gesamtbildung von NOPyr und DMN in dem gebratenen Speck, dem ausgekochten Fett und im Kondensat wesentlich reduziert, aber nicht wie bei den Modell-System-Versuchen vollständig eliminiert. Ähnlich führte auch das Pökeln von Speck in Lake, die eine Mischung von-Tokopherol, Ascorbylpalmitat und Citronensäure enthielt, zu wesentlicher Reduzierung in NOPyr- und DMN-Produktion beim Braten, wenn die Konzentration der beiden Antioxydatien zusammen auf 800 ppm berechnet wurden.

     

Effect of tinidazole, metronidazole and nitrofurazone on nucleic acid synthesis in Clostridium bifermentans

Coplanar lines of different orientations rotating in depth and viewed in parallel projection may appear to rotate in different directions and reverse independently of each other, or they may appear coplanar and all reverse together. The frequency of the latter "grouped" appearance for lines with an orientation range of 30 degrees was a function of the number of lines in a given space. Grouping was greater for lines converging to an implicit vanishing point and for lines with collinear edges regardless of their orientations. Line length, and by inference, interline separation also had effect of the nature of the response.     

Effects of Sexually Objectifying Media on Self-Objectification and Body Surveillance in Undergraduates: Results of a 2-Year Panel Study

This study used objectification theory (B. L. Fredrickson & T.-A. Roberts, 1997) to predict that the media's insidious practice of objectifying bodies socializes individuals to take an outsider's perspective on the physical self (i.e., self-objectify) and to habitually monitor their appearance (i.e., engage in body surveillance). To test these hypotheses, a 2-year panel study using an undergraduate sample was conducted. Cross-lagged path models showed that exposure to sexually objectifying television measured during Year 1 increased trait self-objectification (trait SO) during Year 2 for both women and men. At the same time, trait SO during Year 1 decreased exposure to sexually objectifying television during Year 2, suggesting that both male and female participants selectively avoided sexually objectifying television based on antecedent trait SO. Moreover, exposure to sexually objectifying television and magazines increased body surveillance for men only. The discussion focuses on the process by which the media create body-focused perceptions.     

Bandwidth requirements for accurate detection of direct path in multipath environment

The accurate detection of the direct path in a dense multipath environment is critical in time-based and angle-of-arrival-based location estimation techniques. It is generally assumed that an infinitely large bandwidth is helpful in the accurate detection of the direct path and high-range resolution. It is experimentally demonstrated that, for a wideband system, a bandwidth of up to 4 GHz, centred on 12.5 GHz, is sufficient for accurate detection of direct path in a typical indoor scattering environment. Additionally, the bandwidth gain, incremental range accuracy with bandwidth, is an effective indicator of the bandwidth requirements for accurate detection of the direct path.     

Maintenance of Response Readiness in Patients With Parkinson's Disease: Evidence From a Simple Reaction Time Task.

The authors explored the effect of Parkinson's disease (PD) on the generation and maintenance of response readiness in a simple reaction time task. They compared performance of idiopathic PD patients without dementia, age-matched controls, and younger controls over short (1-, 3-, and 6-s) and long (12- and 18-s) foreperiod intervals. After each trial, the authors probed memory for visual information that also had to be maintained during the trial interval. Patients and controls did not differ overall in their ability to maintain readiness over long delays. However, within the PD group only, errors in maintaining visual information were correlated with difficulty in maintaining readiness, suggesting that systems impaired in PD may facilitate the maintenance of processing in both motor and cognitive domains. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)