Fensteröffnung in Passivhäusern

Window opening in passive solar dwellings Discussions of the user influence on the heating energy consumption of buildings are often controversial. A particularly significant issue is the opening of windows. However, concrete data about user behaviour are rarely available, and the actual consequences of open windows on the heating energy consumption are not understood very well. Based on measured data, this paper discusses the duration of additional window opening in passive solar dwellings, typical behaviour patterns, influence factors and the consequences on the heating energy consumption. Window opening during the summer is also considered. The study is based on measurements carried out at the passive solar housing development in Wiesbaden‐Dotzheim [1], [2] during 2001 and 2002.     

Biegebemessung von Bauteilen aus ultrahochfestem Beton

Design for Bending and Bending with axial force of Ultra High Performance Concrete Ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) differs from normaland high strength concrete by having a more compact material structure. The UHPC components show a higher resistance against mechanical abrasions and freeze‐thaw‐stress as well as a greater impermeability for fluids and gases. Without adding steel fibres UHPC is a very brittle material, which fails abruptly. A ductile material behaviour can be reached by using steel fibres. This article describes how to design a UHPC for bending and bending with axial force by generating stress‐strain‐relation.     

Tailored Systemic Therapy for Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases

Liver metastases are the most common site of metastatic spread in colorectal cancer. Current treatment approaches involve effective systemic therapies in combination with surgical and/or interventional strategies. Multimodal strategies greatly improved clinical outcomes of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer over the last decades. Identification of predictive and prognostic biomarkers helped to comprehensively refine individual targeted treatment approaches and resulted in median overall survival rates of 30 months or longer. Current guidelines, thus, recommend treatment selection according to patients’ performance status, tumor localization and stage as well as the tumor’s molecular and genetic status. Here, we outline the latest developments in molecular decision-making for patients with upfront resectable, potentially or initially unresectable and non/never-resectable colorectal cancer liver metastases.     

Properties of Two Broad Host Range Phages of Yersinia enterocolitica Isolated from Wild Animals

Yersinia (Y.) enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis are important zoonotic agents which can infect both humans and animals. To combat these pathogens, the application of strictly lytic phages may be a promising tool. Since only few Yersinia phages have been described yet, some of which demonstrated a high specificity for certain serotypes, we isolated two phages from game animals and characterized them in terms of their morphology, host specificity, lytic activity on two bio-/serotypes and genome composition. The T7-related podovirus vB_YenP_Rambo and the myovirus vB_YenM_P281, which is very similar to a previously described phage PY100, showed a broad host range. Together, they lysed all the 62 tested pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains belonging to the most important bio-/serotypes in Europe. A cocktail containing these two phages strongly reduced cultures of a bio-/serotype B4/O:3 and a B2/O:9 strain, even at very low MOIs (multiplicity of infection) and different temperatures, though, lysis of bio-/serotype B2/O:9 by vB_YenM_P281 and also by the related phage PY100 only occurred at 37 °C. Both phages were additionally able to lyse various Y. pseudotuberculosis strains at 28 °C and 37 °C, but only when the growth medium was supplemented with calcium and magnesium cations.     

Iminium Salts in Solid‐State Syntheses Giving 100% Yield

Numerous reaction types in the field of iminium salts are performed in the gas‐solid and solid‐solid techniques in order to reach 100% yield. The stoichiometric runs are waste‐free and do not require costly workup. Frequently, iminium salts were avoided, as acid catalysis was dispensable. Thioureas and α‐halogenated ketones give a variety of 2‐aminothiazoles via thiuronium salts in quantitative yield. A new intramolecular solid‐state thermal condensation is reported. Enaminoketones are synthesized quantitatively from anilines and 1,3‐diketones without catalysis and those can be used for quantitative solid‐state 4‐cascade reactions. Solid paraformaldehyde is used to produce methylene imines and internally trapped methylene iminium salts. Benzoylhydrazones are produced again without catalysis in the solid state. Vacuum and ball‐mill techniques are particularly useful in the production of highly sensitive iminium salts. Hexahydro‐1,3,5‐triazines cyclorevert upon exposure to HCl gas to give solid arylmethylene iminium chlorides as new versatile reagents. These are used in arylaminomethylations of β‐naphthol and of themselves to give Troeger's bases in 3‐cascades. More direct are 4‐cascade Troeger's base syntheses by dissolving hexahydro‐1,3,5‐triaryltriazines in trifluoroacetic acid. Alkylations of imines with trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate and triphenylmethyl cation give highly sensitive quaternary iminium salts in the ball‐mill. The products are characterized by spectroscopic techniques and density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP 6‐31G* level. Molecular movements in the crystal and surface passivation are investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques.     

In Vivo Examination of an Injectable Hydrogel System Crosslinked by Peptide–Oligosaccharide Interaction in Immunocompetent Nude Mice

Hydrogels can serve as matrices to mimic natural tissue function and be used for wide‐ranging applications such as tissue regeneration and drug delivery. Injectable hydrogels are particularly favorable because their uses are minimally invasive. However, creating moldable substance for injection often results in compromised function and stability. This study reports an injectable hydrogel system crosslinked by peptide–oligosaccharide noncovalent interaction. The dynamic network shows fast self‐healing, a property essential for injectability. Injected hydrogels in immunocompetent mice and release of encapsulated compound are monitored up to 9 months by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optical imaging. This surprisingly stable hydrogel does not cause adverse inflammatory response, as analyzed by measuring cytokine levels, immunohistochemistry, and MRI. Hydrogel degradation is associated with invasion of macrophages and vascular formation. The facile synthesis, high biocompatibility, and stability of this injectable hydrogel can lead to various experimental and clinical applications in regenerative medicine and drug delivery.     

The analysis of essential oils and extracts (oleoresins) from seasonings ‐ A critical review

A critical review of the analytical methods employed for the determination of the relevant components of seasonings is presented. Where the available methods were inadequate, new ones have been devised. Particular emphasis has been placed on those methods of analysis that provide a rapid and sufficiently accurate appraisal of seasoning extracts and essential oils from seasonings under routine control laboratory conditions. At the same time, the margin of error of these methods has been determined. The individual seasoning extracts were assessed according to the following criteria: (1) essential oil — cardamom, laurel leaves, cloves, origanum (marjoram), sage, and thyme; (2) essential oil and nonvolatile lipids — dillseed, coriander, caraway, mace, nutmeg, pimento (allspice), and celery seed; (3) essential oil and/or pungent ingredients — capsicum, ginger, and pepper; (4) essential oil and/or coloring matter — turmeric (curcuma) and paprika; (5) essential oil and other components — garlic, onion, and cinnamon.     

C and N isotope fractionation during biodegradation of the pesticide metabolite 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM): potential for environmental assessments

2,6-Dichlorobenzamide (BAM) is a metabolite of the herbicide 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil), and a prominent groundwater contaminant. Observable compound-specific isotope fractionation during BAM formation-through transformation of dichlobenil by Rhodococcus erythropolis DSM 9685-was small. In contrast, isotope fractionation during BAM degradation-with Aminobacter sp. MSH1 and ASI1, the only known bacterial strains capable of mineralizing BAM-was large, with pronounced carbon (ε(C) = -7.5‰ to -7.8‰) and nitrogen (ε(N) = -10.7‰ to -13.5‰) isotopic enrichment factors. BAM isotope values in natural samples are therefore expected to be dominated by the effects of its degradation rather than formation. Dual isotope slopes Δ (=Δδ(15)N/Δδ(13)C ≈ ε(N)/ε(C)) showed only small differences for MSH1 (1.75 ± 0.03) and ASI1 (1.45 ± 0.03) suggesting similar transformation mechanisms of BAM hydrolysis. Observations are in agreement with either a tetrahedral intermediate promoted by OH(-) or H(3)O(+) catalysis, or a concerted reaction mechanism. Therefore, owing to consistent carbon isotopic fractionation, isotope shifts of BAM can be linked to BAM biodegradation, and may even be used to quantify degradation of this persistent metabolite. In contrast, nitrogen isotope values may be rather indicative of different sources. Our results delineate a new approach to assessing the fate of BAM in the environment.     

Quick guide to polyketide synthase and nonribosomal synthetase genes in Fusarium

Fusarium species produce a plethora of bioactive polyketides and nonribosomal peptides that give rise to health problems in animals and may have drug development potential. Using the genome sequences for Fusarium graminearum, F. oxysporum, F. solani and F. verticillioides we developed a framework for future polyketide synthases (PKSs) and nonribosomal peptides synthetases (NRPSs) nomenclature assignment and classification. Sequence similarities of the adenylation and ketosynthase domain sequences were used to group the identified NRPS and PKS genes. We present the current state of knowledge of PKS and NRPS genes in sequenced Fusarium species and their known products. With the rapid increase in the number of sequenced fungal genomes a systematic classification will greatly aid the scientific community in obtaining an overview of the number of different NRPS and PKS genes and their potential as producers of known bioactive compounds.