Stress and strain partition in elastic and plastic deformation of two phase alloys

A stress and strain partition theory for two phase alloys was developed on the basis of the modified rules of mixtures. The extreme value condition of macroscopic strain energy density was found through Lagrangian multiplier method. Expressions for macroscopic elastic constants of two phase alloys were derived from the extreme value condition by assuming the strain linearity between constituent phases. Governing equation for stress and strain partition in plastic deformation was also obtained from the extreme value condition. The calculated elastic constants of WC-Co alloys fell invariably within the Hashin and Shtrikman's bounds. According to the governing equation the stress ratio between constituent phases was plotted as a function of strain increment ratio. By applying the governing equation to spheroidized carbon steel and duplex stainless steel, it was shown that the stress ratios, strain ratios, macroscopic stress-strain curves, and internal stresses could be evaluated from thein situ stress-strain curves of constituent phases.     

Functional foods with antiviral activity

Food Science and Biotechnology - Viruses are known to cause a variety of diseases, ranging from mild respiratory diseases, such as the common cold, to fatal illnesses. Although the development of...     

Refrigerant Distribution in a Minichannel Evaporator Having Vertical Headers

Refrigerant R-410a flow distribution is experimentally studied in a test section simulating a minichannel heat exchanger having vertical headers with two pass configuration. Tubes are heated to yield a test section outlet superheat of 5°C with inlet quality of 0.3. Mass flux is varied from 60 kg/m²-s to 70 kg/m²-s. Effects of outlet locations are investigated in a search for an optimum configuration. The effect of varying the number of tubes of each pass is also investigated. Results show that significant liquid flows through bottom channels, and less liquid is supplied to top channels. For the outlet location, a bottom outlet is better than a middle or top outlet. In addition, assigning a lower number of tubes to inlet pass yields better flow distribution. Correlations are developed for the fraction of liquid or gas taken off by the downstream channel as a function of header gas Reynolds number immediately upstream. The correlations may be used to predict the liquid or gas distribution in a parallel-flow heat exchanger havin vertical headers.     

On-site crosslinked quaternized poly(vinyl alcohol) as ionomer binder for solid alkaline fuel cells

Water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups and crosslinked quaternized polyvinyl alcohol were synthesized and used to prepare an ionomer binder solution having a low boiling point and high dielectric constant solvent to be used in electrodes for solid alkaline fuel cells. The polyvinyl alcohol was quaternized to have anion-conducting ability using glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride. To prevent washing-out of the water-soluble anion-conducting ionomer during fuel cell operations, the quaternized poly(vinyl alcohol) was successfully crosslinked by using an on-site crosslinking method. The highest ionic conductivity of the ionomer was 2.3 × 10⁻² S cm⁻¹, and its ion exchange capacity was 1.2 meq g⁻¹ at room temperature. The electrodes were fabricated by a spray method on anion-exchangeable membranes, and membrane-electrode assemblies were operated at 50 °C in ambient pressure and were characterized by voltage–current relationship and cyclic voltammetry. The highest performance of the membrane-electrode assemblies having the electrode with the ionomer of 25 wt.% in dry weight basis was 172.8 mW cm⁻² at 0.485 V. As a result, the anionic binder electrodes introduced by the on-site crosslinking were successfully functioned both to conduct OH⁻ ions between electrodes and an electrolyte and to move electron to an external circuit by forming three phase boundary at the electrode of the membrane-electrode assemblies.     

Analysis of microwave heating for cylindrical shaped objects

Microwave heating is very popular in food industries as well as in home and office to warm up foodstuffs quickly. However, this technique provides non-uniform heating within the system. The potential existence of standing wave due to the transmission and reflection from interfaces is responsible for this non-uniform heating. Therefore, it is important to study the coupling between electromagnetic wave propagation and energy transfer in the system to predict the temperature distribution within the foodstuff. In this paper, a closed-form analytic solution is presented to predict the temperature distribution within a cylindrical shaped foodstuff under microwave heating by solving an unsteady energy equation. A simplified Maxwell’s equation is solved for electric field distribution within the body. The heat generation by microwave is calculated from the electric field distribution within the body using Poynting theorem. The effects of cylinder radius, heat transfer coefficient and incident frequency are studied for different length of the cylindrical foodstuff. It is found that the temperature within the body is very sensitive to cylinder length and time. The results indicate that uniform and effective heating depend on the proper integration of geometric parameters and dielectric properties of the object as well as the frequency of the incident electromagnetic wave. This rigorous analytic investigation will provide significant insight to understand and overcome the challenge of non-uniformity in temperature distribution in microwave heating.     

Effect of gamma-irradiation on pathogens inoculated into ready-to-use vegetables

Three ready-to-use vegetables, cucumber, blanched and seasoned spinach, and seasoned burdock were selected and the effects of an irradiation treatment for eliminating pathogens were investigated. The pathogens tested were Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria ivanovii. Inoculated viable cells of S. Typhimurium and L. ivanovii into cucumber and blanched and seasoned spinach were reduced about 4 decimal points by 2 kGy of irradiation and that of S. aureus inoculated into burdock showed about 4-decimal point reduction by 1 kGy. E. coli inoculated into burdock was not detected by 1 kGy. All the bacterial contents of test pathogens into the samples were reduced to below the limit of detection by 3 kGy irradiation. The range of the D10 value was 0.28-0.42 among the four pathogens. A Salmonella mutagenicity assay (Ames test) indicated that the 10 kGy-irradiated ready-to-use vegetables did not cause any increase. The studies indicated that a low-dose irradiation (3 kGy or less) can improve the microbial safety of ready-to-use vegetables.     

Irradiation Effects on Free Radical Scavenging and Antioxidant Activity of Phytic Acid

ABSTRACT: Free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of irradiated phytic acid at various concentrations were studied. Phytic acid sodium salt dissolved in deionized distilled water was irradiated at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 kGy. The degradation of phytic acid by irradiation was observed, and it was found that the concentrations had an effect on the degree of degradation. Stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging ability of phytic acid was significantly increased by irradiation ( P < 0.05) and was positively correlated with irradiation dose ( P < 0.01). Antioxidant activity of phytic acid in lipid model systems was slightly increased by irradiation; however, at higher concentrations, the activity was reduced or was the same compared with nonirradiated phytic acid.     

The ability of zinc to inhibit the sporulation and viability of Clostridium sporogenes and growth of other bacteria

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of zinc on the sporulation and viability of Clostridium sporogenes and on the growth of other bacteria. When 0.5% ZnCl₂ was added to a sporulation medium, it completely inhibited C. sporogenes (PA 3679) sporulation for up to 3 weeks. At concentrations of 0.5% and 1.0%, ZnCl₂ not only completely inactivated the vegetative cell viability (>7.0 Log reduction) but also significantly reduced the spore viability (<2.1 Log reduction) of C. sporogenes. Taken together, it was concluded that zinc blocks C. sporogenes sporulation by damaging (or killing) vegetative cells and probably by interfering with the biosynthesis of spore components. In addition to the inhibitory effect on the sporulation and viability of C. sporogenes, ZnCl₂ was found to have a broad antimicrobial spectrum against all Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative spoilage and pathogenic bacteria tested. The minimal inhibitory concentration for inhibiting the bacteria ranged between 3.7 and 7.4 mm . Therefore, we expect that this compound or a combination thereof has a potential as a surface‐cleaning agent or disinfectant.     

Effects of gamma irradiation on color characteristics and biological activities of extracts of Lonicera japonica (Japanese honeysuckle) with methanol and acetone

Effects of gamma irradiation on the color characteristic and biological activities of methanol and acetone extracts of Lonicera japonica (Japanese honeysuckle) irradiated at 0, 10, 20, and 30 kGy were investigated. Hunter color L^*- and a^*-value increased by irradiation in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in it being lighter than the nonirradiated, while Hunter color b^*-values decreased by irradiation (P<0.05). The extracts from L. japonica showed an inhibition effect against tyrosinase, xanthine oxidase and the nitrite scavenging ability. Tyrosinase inhibition effect of L. japonica was higher in the irradiated sample than the nonirradiated, and the effect was increased by irradiation doses. The L. japonica extracts had a higher inhibitory effect against xanthine oxidase, and the effect was not changed by irradiation. Nitrite scavenging activity was the highest in L. japonica extract at pH 1.2. The difference between solvents used was not detected. Thus, gamma irradiation may have no influence on the biological activities of the L. japonica extracts except for the tyrosinase inhibition effect when irradiated up to 30 kGy.     

Low temperature neutron irradiation effects on microstructure and tensile properties of molybdenum

Polycrystalline molybdenum was irradiated in the hydraulic tube facility at the High Flux Isotope Reactor to doses ranging from 7.2 × 10⁻⁵ to 0.28 dpa at 80 °C. As-irradiated microstructure was characterized by room-temperature electrical resistivity measurements, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS). Tensile tests were carried out between −50 and 100 °C over the strain rate range 1 × 10⁻⁵ to 1 × 10⁻² s⁻¹. Fractography was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the deformation microstructure was examined by TEM after tensile testing. Irradiation-induced defects became visible by TEM at 0.001 dpa. Both their density and mean size increased with increasing dose. Submicroscopic three-dimensional cavities were detected by PAS even at 0.0001 dpa. The cavity density increased with increasing dose, while their mean size and size distribution was relatively insensitive to neutron dose. It is suggested that the formation of visible dislocation loops was predominantly a nucleation and growth process, while in-cascade vacancy clustering may be significant in Mo. Neutron irradiation reduced the temperature and strain rate dependence of the yield stress, leading to radiation softening in Mo at lower doses. Irradiation had practically no influence on the magnitude and the temperature and strain rate dependence of the plastic instability stress.