Survey on communication architectures for wind energy integration with the smart grid

Communication systems are needed to integrate generated power from wind farms with the electrical grid. This paper provides a comprehensive review of available communication technologies, protocols and objectives related to wind energy and electrical grid integration. This paper summarizes the communication system solutions for wind generation. A major obstacle is an absence of unified communication architectures and standards.     

Designs on the Public: The Private Lives of New York's Public Spaces

America's Housing Needs to the 2lst Century Raymond J. Struyk and Christopher Walker. The Urban Institute and the National Association of Realtors, Washington, D.C. 1988. $7.50.

A Blueprint for National Housing Policy National Association of Home Builders, Washington, D.C. 1987. Free.

A Decent Place to Live: The Report of the National Housing Task Force. National Housing Task Force. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1988.

Future U.S. Housing Policy: Meeting the Demographic Challenge Raymond J. Struyk, Margery A. Turner, and Makiko Ueno. The Urban Institute, Washington, D.C. $14.95.

Preventing the Disappearance of Low Income Housing National Low Income Housing Preservation Commission, National Corporation for Housing Partnerships, Washington, D.C. 1988. Free.

The Report of the president's Commission on Housing President's Commission on Housing. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1982.

The State of the Nation's Housing William C. Apgar, Jr., and H. James Brown. Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. 1988.

Subsidizing Shelter: The Relationship between Welfare and Housing Assistance Sandra J. Newman and Anne B. Schnare. The Urban Institute, Washington, D.C. 1988. $14.95.

Toward a National Housing Policy National Association of Home Builders, National Association of Realtors, and Mortgage Bankers Association of America, Washington, D.C. 1987. Free.

Private Supply of Public Services: Evaluating of Real Estate Exactions, Linkage, and Alternative Land Policies, Rachelle Alterman, editor. New York University Press, New York and London, 1988. 273 pp. $40.00.

Homeowners and Neighborhood Reinvestment, George C. Galster. Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1987. 354 pp. $60.

Small Scale Municipal Solid Waste Recovery Systems Gershman, Brickner &; Bratton, Inc., Van Nostrand Rein-hold, New York, 1986. 272 pp. $42.00.

Economic Valuation Techniques for the Environment: A Case Study Workbook John A. Dixon and Maynard M. Hufschmidt, editors. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1986. 203 pp. $25.00 (cloth), $8.95 (paperback).

The Health of Nations: True Causes of Sickness and Well-Being Leonard A. Sagan. Basic Books, New York, 1987. 240 pp. $19.95.

The Geography of De-Industrialisation Ron Martin and Bob Rowthorn, editors. Macmillan, London, 1986. Distributed by Sheridan House, New York. 365 pp. $45.00.

Spaces for Children: The Built Environment and Child Development Carol Simon Weinstein and Thomas G. David; editors. Plenum Press, New York, 1987. 322 pp. $39.50.

Play for All Guidelines: Planning, Design, and Management of Outdoor Play Settings for All Children Robin C. Moore, Susan M. Goltsman, and Daniel S. lacofano. MIG Communications, Berkeley, CA, 1987. 280 pp. $39.95.

Privatization: The Key to Better Government E. S. Savas. Chatham House Publishers, Chatham, NJ, 1987. 308 pp. $14.95 (paperback).

When Government Goes Private: Successful Alternatives to Public Services Randall Fitzgerald. Universe Books, New York, NY, 1988. 330 pp. $24.95.

The Metropolis Era. Volume 1: A World of Giant Cities; Volume 2: Mega Cities Mattei Dogan and John D. Kasarda, editors. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, California, 1988. Volume 1: 394 pp. $40.00. Volume 2: 322 pp. $40.00.

FDR's Utopian: Arthur Morgan of the TVA Roy Talbert, Jr. University Press of Mississippi, Jackson and London, 1987. 218 pp. $25.00.

Urban Shelter and Services: Public Policies and Management Approaches G. Shabblr Cheema. Praeger, New York, 1987. 221 pp. $39.95.

Spontaneous Shelter: International Perspectives and Prospects Carl V. Patton, editor. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1988. 380 pp. $39.95.

Shelter, Settlement and Development Lloyd Rodwin, editor. Allen &; Unwin, Boston, 1987. 476 pp. $39.95.

Hopeful Openings: A Study of Five Women's Organizations in Latin America and the Caribbean Sally Yudelman. Kumarian Press, West Hartford, CT, 1987. 127 pp. $14.95 (paperback).

Women, Human Settlements, and Housing Caroline O. N. Moser and Linda Peake, editors. Tavistock, London and New York, 1987. 222 pp. $49.95 (cloth), $14.95 (paperback).

The Role of Women in Developing Countries: A Study International Center for Public Enterprises in Developing Countries, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia. Distributed by Kumarian Press, West Hartford, CT. 1986. 121 pp. $10.00 (paperback).

Architecture of the Private Streets of St. Louis: The Architects and the Homes They Designed Charles C. Savage. University of Missouri Press, Columbia, 1987. 237 pp. $25.00.

Main Street Ready-Made: The New Deal Community of Greendale, Wisconsin Arnold R. Alanen and Joseph A. Eden. The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison, 1987. 156 pp. $20.00.

Black Philadelphia Street Life: South Philadelphia, 1969–1971 Dan Rose. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1987. 278 pp. $37.50 (cloth), $14.95 (paperback).     

Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics with Neutrons: The View from Simulation

The characterization of the structure and internal dynamics of biomolecules is essential to understanding their biological function. Neutron scattering probes similar time- and length-scales to molecular dynamics simulation. Hence, simulation models of biomolecules have become invaluable in the interpretation of experimental neutron data. Here, we report on advances in the application of simulation in developing neutron scattering to investigate internal protein motions and, as an example of industrial relevance, in the derivation of physical models of use in biofuel renewable energy research.     

Optimization models for shale gas water management

There are four key aspects for water use in hydraulic fracturing, including source water acquisition, wastewater production, reuse and recycle, and subsequent transportation, storage, and disposal. Water use life cycle is optimized for wellpads through a discrete‐time two‐stage stochastic mixed‐integer linear programming model under uncertain availability of water. The objective is to minimize expected transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal cost while accounting for the revenue from gas production. Assuming freshwater sources, river withdrawal data, location of wellpads, and treatment facilities are given, the goal is to determine an optimal fracturing schedule in coordination with water transportation, and its treatment and reuse. The proposed models consider a long‐time horizon and multiple scenarios from historical data. Two examples representative of the Marcellus Shale play are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the formulation, and to identify optimization opportunities that can improve both the environmental impact and economical use of water. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3490–3501, 2014     

Effects of 3‐D microwell culture on initial fate specification in human embryonic stem cells

Several studies have demonstrated that three‐dimensional (3‐D) culture systems influence human embryonic stem cell (hESC) phenotypes and fate choices. However, the effect that these microenvironmental changes have on signaling pathways governing hESC behaviors is not well understood. Here, a 3‐D microwell array was used to investigate differences in activation of developmental pathways between 2‐D and 3‐D cultures of both undifferentiated hESCs and hESCs undergoing initial differentiation in embryoid bodies (EBs). An increased induction into mesoderm and endoderm and differences in expression of genes from multiple signaling pathways that regulate development, including Wnt/β‐catenin, TGF‐β superfamily, Notch, and FGF during EB‐mediated differentiation were observed in 3‐D microwells as compared with the 2‐D substrates. In undifferentiated hESCs, differences in epithelial‐mesenchymal transition phenotypes and the TGFβ/BMP pathway between cultures in 3‐D and 2‐D were also observed. These results illustrate that 3‐D culture influences multiple pathways that may regulate the differentiation trajectories of hESCs. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1225–1235, 2014     

Characterization of GPVI- or GPVI-CD39-Coated Nanoparticles and Their Impact on In Vitro Thrombus Formation

Traditional antithrombotic agents commonly share a therapy-limiting side effect, as they increase the overall systemic bleeding risk. A novel approach for targeted antithrombotic therapy is nanoparticles. In other therapeutic fields, nanoparticles have enabled site-specific delivery with low levels of toxicity and side effects. Here, we paired nanotechnology with an established dimeric glycoprotein VI-Fc (GPVI-Fc) and a GPVI-CD39 fusion protein, thereby combining site-specific delivery and new antithrombotic drugs. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles, NP-BSA, NP-GPVI and NP-GPVI-CD39 were characterized through electron microscopy, atomic force measurements and flow cytometry. Light transmission aggregometry enabled analysis of platelet aggregation. Thrombus formation was observed through flow chamber experiments. NP-GPVI and NP-GPVI-CD39 displayed a characteristic surface coating pattern. Fluorescence properties were identical amongst all samples. NP-GPVI and NP-GPVI-CD39 significantly impaired platelet aggregation. Thrombus formation was significantly impaired by NP-GPVI and was particularly impaired by NP-GPVI-CD39. The receptor-coated nanoparticles NP-GPVI and the bifunctional molecule NP-GPVI-CD39 demonstrated significant inhibition of in vitro thrombus formation. Consequently, the nanoparticle-mediated antithrombotic effect of GPVI-Fc, as well as GPVI-CD39, and an additive impact of CD39 was confirmed. In conclusion, NP-GPVI and NP-GPVI-CD39 may serve as a promising foundation for a novel therapeutic approach regarding targeted antithrombotic therapy.     

Bisphenol S Impairs Invasion and Proliferation of Extravillous Trophoblasts Cells by Interfering with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling

The placenta supports fetal growth and is vulnerable to exogenous chemical exposures. We have previously demonstrated that exposure to the emerging chemical bisphenol S (BPS) can alter placental endocrine function. Mechanistically, we have demonstrated that BPS interferes with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, reducing placenta cell fusion. Extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs), a placenta cell type that aids with vascular remodeling, require EGF to invade into the maternal endometrium. We hypothesized that BPS would impair EGF-mediated invasion and proliferation in EVTs. Using human EVTs (HTR-8/SVneo cells), we tested whether BPS could inhibit the EGF response by blocking EGFR activation. We also evaluated functional endpoints of EGFR signaling, including EGF endocytosis, cell invasion and proliferation, and endovascular differentiation. We demonstrated that BPS blocked EGF-induced phosphorylation of EGFR by acting as a competitive antagonist to EGFR. Transwell assay and a three-dimensional microfluidic chip invasion assay revealed that BPS exposure can block EGF-mediated cell invasion. BPS also blocked EGF-mediated proliferation and endovascular differentiation. In conclusion, BPS can prevent EGF-mediated EVT proliferation and invasion through EGFR antagonism. Given the role of EGFR in trophoblast proliferation and differentiation during placental development, our findings suggest that maternal exposure to BPS may contribute to placental dysfunction via EGFR-mediated mechanisms.     

Staling of Starch-based Products: A Comparative Study by Firmness and Pulsed NMR Measurements

A study of the staling of corn starch gel, bread, and rice cup-cake showed that measurements by pulsed NMR (based on the increase in signal from the solid phase of a system on ageing) gave very highly significant correlations (P < 0.001) with firmness measurements using the Instron Food Testing Instrument. Experimental data from the two methods were fitted into the Avrami equation. Values for the Avrami exponent (n) and the rate constant (k) obtained by compression were in good agreement with the corresponding values derived from NMR measurements. The pulsed NMR method thus offers a rapid and non-destructive means of monitoring changes at the molecular level which manifest themselves at the macroscopic level as an increase in firmness during ageing of starch gels and starch-based products.     

Natural resources and economic policy in developing countries

This paper argues for the need to design broad economic policy instruments to reverse the trend in many developing countries toward increasing degradation and destruction of natural resources. The natural resource base, often critical for economic development, is in many cases threatened by a rapid population growth, the effect of which is compounded by inadequately controlled land and water use.Policy interventions which have a pervasive effect must be established to influence the environmentally-related behavior of countless, relatively small-scale, resource-using activities which take place throughout a nation's economy. Natural resource management should thus become a standard element of macroeconomic and sector analysis, and the physical linkages between sectors need to be critically examined.Governments must overcome major institutional and political obstacles. New approaches, providing incentives and rewards to policy makers, must be developed to increase interagency cooperation while avoiding overlapping jurisdictions and to prevent vested interests from paralyzing new initiatives.The views expressed in this paper are those of the author, and should not be attributed to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to any individual acting on their behalf. The paper is an adaptation of one presented at the World Conservation Strategy Conference, Ottawa, June 1986. The author is indebted to many colleagues for advice and comments, including R. Ackermann, D. Anderson, N. Myers, D. Pearce, R. Repetto, G. Schramm and E. Schuh.