Oxygen enrichment from air through multilayer thin low‐density polyethylene films

Several multilayer thin low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) films were fabricated by blown thin film having a thickness of 7 μm and an area of 130 cm². They were characterized for their oxygen‐enrichment performance from air by a constant pressure–variable volume method in a round permeate cell with an effective area of 73.9 cm². The relationship between oxygen‐enrichment properties, including oxygen‐enriched air (OEA) flux, oxygen concentration, permeability coefficients of OEA, oxygen, nitrogen, as well as separation factor through the multilayer LDPE films, and operating parameters, including transfilm pressure difference, retentate/permeate flux ratio, temperature, as well as layer number, are all discussed in detail. It is found that all of the preceding oxygen‐enrichment parameters increase continuously with an increase of transfilm pressure difference from 0.1 to 0.65 MPa, especially for the trilayer and tetralayer LDPE films. The oxygen concentration and separation factor appear to rapidly increase within the retentate/permeate flux ratio below 200, and then become unchangeable beyond that, whereas the OEA flux and the permeability coefficients of OEA, oxygen, and nitrogen seem to remain nearly constant within the whole retentate/permeate flux ratio investigated, especially for the monolayer and bilayer LDPE films. The selectivity becomes inferior, whereas the permeability becomes superior, as the operating temperature increases from 23 to 31°C. The highest oxygen concentration was found to be 44.8% for monolayer LDPE film in a single step with air containing oxygen of 20.9% as a feed gas and operating pressure of 0.5 MPa at a retentate/permeate flux ratio of 340 and 23°C. The results demonstrate a possibility to prepare an oxygen‐enriching membrane directly from air, based on the easily obtained thin LDPE films. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 3013–3021, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.2331     

预加氢反应器的制造和检验

本文介绍了预加氢反应器的典型结构,分析了制造上的难点,有针对性地提出了解决难点的特殊工艺方案,记录了实际制造经验数据,对类似设备的制造有着重要的参考价值。     

Biochemical,functional, and histochemical effects of essential fatty acid deficiency in rat kidney

The present study was designed to examine the effects of EFA deficiency (EFAD) on biochemical, functional, and structural aspects of the kidney in growing and adult rats fed a normal or EFAD diet for 9 wk after weaning. Food and fluid intake (FI), urine volume, and Na⁺ and K⁺ excretions were measured weekly from weeks 4 to 8 by placing the rats in individual metabolic cages for 24 h. At week 9, Li⁺ and a 5% water load, respectively, were administered at 14 and 1.5 h prior to glomerular and proximal tubular function studies, as assessed by 3-h creatinine (C_Cr) and Li⁺ (C_Li+) clearances. Hematocrit and urine volume; serum and urine [Cr], [Li⁺], [Na⁺], and [K⁺]; and renal FA distribution were also measured. Data [corrected to 100 g/body weight (bw) and presented as means ±SEM] were significant, at P<-0.05. Despite a similar ingestion of solids from weeks 4 to 7 (weeks 7 to 10 of life), the rats on the EFAD diet showed a decreased body weight from week 5. From weeks 4 to 8, Fl and urine volume were similar for both groups, but the Fl increased at week 6 in the EFAD group; 24-h Na⁺ and K⁺ excretions were similar at all weeks, except for an increase in the EFAD group for both ions at week 7. In the EFAD group, C_Cr and C_Li+ decreased by 27 and 56.3%, respectively (385.7±33.4 vs. 280±21.1, and 21.0±2.1 vs. 9.2±1.1 μL/min/100 g; n=9 vs. 10), the latter result suggesting increased proximal reabsorption. The 3-h Na⁺ and K⁺ excretions were similar, but the Li⁺ decreased (0.78±0.06×10⁻² vs. 0.32±0.03×10⁻² μeq/min/100 g) in the EFAD group, giving additional support to the suggestion. Renal structure was normal and similar for both groups, but the EFAD group showed a more prominent proximal tubule brush border, together with heavier periodic acid-Schiff staining in all specimens from weeks 5 to 9. In the EFAD group, FA of the n−9 and n−7 series were higher, but most of the n−6 series were lower as a percentage of total lipids in the medulla and cortex. Medullary levels of 20∶4n−6 were maintained, 22∶4n−6 declined twice, arachidonic acid was maintained, and 20∶5n−3 was lower. The EFAD diet affected glomerular function, proximal tubular structure and function, and FA distribution in the rat kidney.     

橡胶注射成型机的特点与进展

对橡胶注射成型机主要部分的结构进行了评述，并对橡胶注射成型工艺的发展状况了简述。     

Deformation behavior of styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene triblock copolymers having different morphologies

Deformation behavior of styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene (SBS) triblock copolymers having different morphologies was investigated. Due to the combination of different methods which provide information on different deformation levels (macroscopic, microscopic and molecular) complex deformation mechanisms for each type of SBS block copolymer (including glassy-rubber alternating lamellae, rubber cylinders in glassy matrix and hard domains in soft matrix morphology) could be revealed. In combination with tensile tests, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was successfully applied to study the change of orientation in individual phases using the absorption bands at 1493 and 966 cm⁻¹ for polystyrene (PS) and polybutadiene (PB) phases, respectively. For all the block copolymers investigated the PB phase always oriented stronger than the PS phase because of its lower Young's modulus. However, differences in orientation in both phases were influenced by an appropriate stress distribution within the specimens during deformation, which, in fact, depends on the morphology of the polymers. Additionally, atomic force microscopy revealed local morphological changes during uniaxial stretching, which, in fact, depend on the arrangement of the structural units.     

Preparation and characterizations of interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(methyl methacrylate)

Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels based on poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(methyl methacrylate) were prepared by radical polymerization using 2,2‐dimethyl‐2‐phenylacetophenone and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as initiators and crosslinkers, respectively. The IPN hydrogels were analyzed for sorption behavior at 25°C and at a relative humidity of 95% using dynamic vapor sorption. The IPN hydrogels exhibited a relatively high equilibrium water content in the range of 13–68%. The state of water in the swollen IPN hydrogels was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. The free water in the hydrogels increased as the hydrophilic content increased. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 258–262, 2003     

测量值量化的时滞系统的输出反馈控制

为了解决无线网络带宽限制的问题,信号在传输之前需要进行量化,但是量化器的引入会给信号带来一定的误差.针对时滞系统,研究测量值量化的基于观测器的输出反馈控制问题.考虑对数量化器,为了研究量化器对系统的影响,引入上行界的方法,将对数量化问题转化成鲁棒不确定问题.为了讨论系统的收敛速度,采用带有衰减系数的Lyapunov函数,得到了闭环系统的指数衰减率.采用线性矩阵不等式(LMI)的方法给出了系统满足指数稳定的充分条件以及控制器和观测器增益的表达式.应用数值仿真证明了本文算法的有效性.     

Preparation and slow‐release property of a poly(acrylic acid)/attapulgite/sodium humate superabsorbent composite

A novel poly(acrylic acid)/attapulgite (APT)/sodium humate (SH) superabsorbent composite was synthesized through the graft copolymerization reaction of acrylic acid on APT micropowder and SH with N,N′‐methylene bisacrylamide as a crosslinker and ammonium persulfate as an initiator in an aqueous solution. Various effects on the water absorbency, including the amounts of the crosslinker, initiator, APT, and SH, were investigated. The superabsorbent composite was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The superabsorbent composite synthesized under optimal synthesis conditions with an APT concentration of 20% and an SH concentration of 20% exhibited absorption of 583 g of H₂O/g of sample and 63 g of H₂O/g of sample in distilled water and in a 0.9 wt % NaCl solution, respectively. The slow‐release property of SH from the superabsorbent composite into water was measured, and a test of the water retention of the superabsorbent composite in soil was also carried out experimentally with and without the superabsorbent composite. The results showed that the superabsorbent composite had not only good water retention but also an additional slow‐release property of SH. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 37–45, 2007     

从管道检测的角度,分析涂层失效的原因

本文首先阐明涂层对管道保护的重要作用，综述了目前长输管道涂层现状及常用涂层材料的特点，通过近几年来对数千公里管道的不同类型涂层检测、评价，总结出涂层失效的主要形式，从管道周围介质的腐蚀性、环境及涂层施工等方面，分析了外界条件与涂层失效的关系，以及导致涂层失效的主要原因。目前长输管道涂层失效的形式主要有：涂层的剥离、龟裂、破损及变形等。     

Enhancement of radiation‐resistant effect in ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymers by the formation of ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymers/clay nanocomposites

Ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers/clay nanocomposites, prepared by using nonreactive organophilic clay and reactive organophilic clay, were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. The influence of gamma irradiation on the structure and properties of the pure EVA and EVA/clay nanocomposites was systematically investigated. In the presence of gamma radiation, the clay can effectively restrain the increase of the storage modulus of EVA/clay nanocomposites, which was supported by dynamical mechanical analysis. Gamma irradiation had almost no effect on the thermal properties of EVA/clay nanocomposites by using nonreactive organophilic clay, but it obviously improved the thermal stability of EVA/clay nanocomposites by using reactive organophilic clay. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2532–2538, 2005