Titin extensibility in situ: entropic elasticity of permanently folded and permanently unfolded molecular segments

Titin (also known as connectin) is a giant protein that spans half of the striated muscle sarcomere. In the I-band titin extends as the sarcomere is stretched, developing what is known as passive force. The I-band region of titin contains tandem Ig segments (consisting of serially linked immunoglobulin-like domains) with the unique PEVK segment in between (Labeit, S., and B. Kolmerer. 1995. Science. 270:293-296). Although the tandem Ig and PEVK segments have been proposed to behave as stiff and compliant springs, respectively, precise experimental testing of the hypothesis is still needed. Here, sequence-specific antibodies were used to mark the ends of the tandem Ig and PEVK segments. By following the extension of the segments as a function of sarcomere length (SL), their respective contributions to titin's elastic behavior were established. In slack sarcomeres (approximately 2.0 micron) the tandem Ig and PEVK segments were contracted. Upon stretching sarcomeres from approximately 2.0 to 2.7 micron, the "contracted" tandem Ig segments straightened while their individual Ig domains remained folded. When sarcomeres were stretched beyond approximately 2.7 micron, the tandem Ig segments did not further extend, instead PEVK extension was now dominant. Modeling tandem Ig and PEVK segments as entropic springs with different bending rigidities (Kellermayer, M., S. Smith, H. Granzier, and C. Bustamante. 1997. Science. 276:1112-1116) indicated that in the physiological SL range (a) the Ig-like domains of the tandem Ig segments remain folded and (b) the PEVK segment behaves as a permanently unfolded polypeptide. Our model provides a molecular basis for the sequential extension of titin's different segments. Initially, the tandem Ig segments extend at low forces due to their high bending rigidity. Subsequently, extension of the PEVK segment occurs only upon reaching sufficiently high external forces due to its low bending rigidity. The serial linking of tandem Ig and PEVK segments with different bending rigidities provides a unique passive force-SL relation that is not achievable with a single elastic segment.     

影响涂料印花增稠剂增稠及抗渗化性能的因素

讨论了反乳液聚合法合成涂料印花增稠剂时,影响聚合产物的抗渗化性能及增稠效果的主要因素。研究发现,提高聚合温度可以提高聚合产物的抗渗化性,但配制高粘度印花浆时对增稠效果不利,而在配制低粘度印花浆时则反之。降低交联单体用量有利于提高聚合产物的抗渗化性,并可提高聚合产物在配制较低粘度印花浆时的增稠效果。     

基于人工神经网络预测柴油机油台架试验结果

根据ＣＤ级柴油机的模拟实验与台架试验的基础数据,用人工神经网络的反向传播（ＢＰ）方法,对两者的关系进行了研究,给出了人工神经网络的学习速率为０．２,动量因子为０．９,对人工神经网络的拓扑结构也进行了研究,得到了合适的５－７－２拓扑结构及各节点间的权重系数。探讨了用模拟实验数据预测台架试验结果的可能性,通过检验,证明了用人工神经网络方法建立的模型能准确预报柴油机油的台架试验结果。     

智能耳诊机的软、硬件设计

本文从实际应用出发,详尽论述了“智能耳诊机”软、硬件设计的方法。对从事单片机开发应用的工程技术人员有较高的参考价值。     

Growth technique for producing high quality superconducting YBa2Cu3O7-δ single crystals

High quality single crystals of YBa₂Cu₃O_7- (YBCO) have been grown in yttria-stabilized zirconia crucibles by using a flux method. This method yields crystals with area 3 to 4 times larger than a previous method, and 3 to 5 times more crystals. Several crystals as large as 3×4mm² in thea-b plane are routinely obtained from each crucible. The samples typically range from 10 to 60 m thick. The superconductivity transition temperatureT _c of the crystals, measured by magnetic susceptibility, falls in the range 92.5 to 93 K and the smallest transition width (10 to 90%) is less than 0.25 K. Compared with the previous method, the surface is generally smoother, with less flux, and larger untwinned regions of 1 x 1 mm² are usually found.     

Adaptive observer-based trajectory tracking control of nonholonomic mobile robots

In this paper, an adaptive observer-based trajectory tracking problem is solved for nonholonomic mobile robots with uncertainties. An adaptive observer is first developed to estimate the unmeasured velocities of a mobile robot with model uncertainties. Using the designed observer and the backstepping technique, a trajectory tracking controller is designed to generate the torque as an input. Using Lyapunov stability analysis, we prove that the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable with respect to the estimation errors and tracking errors. Finally, the simulation results are presented to validate the performance and robustness of the proposed control system against uncertainties.     

基于AUTOSAR架构的通信系统的研究与实现

AUTOSAR是汽车开放系统体系结构,已成为汽车电子软件的工业标准,在汽车电子控制器系统开发过程中具有重要地位,其中AUTOSAR COM通信规范为汽车电子通信系统的构建提供了依据和参考;介绍了AUTOSAR体系架构,对AUTOSAR COM规范基于信号的通信机制及其特有的传输模式切换系统进行了研究,并实现了一种基于AUTOSAR架构的通信系统,试验结果表明该系统能够提供基本通信服务,且符合AUTOSAR COM规范。     

一种MODBUS——ProFiBus节点通信控制与协议转换模块设计

多种现场总线协议并存给制造业信息化与自动化中的设备互联与信息互通造成困难;通过对ProFiBus及ModBus协议研究发现这主要是由报头报尾格式的差异造成,为解决异种协议互联问题,提出一种具有这两种协议和接口的通信控制与协议转换模块的设计方法,利用不同接口支持两种不同协议,硬件实现ProFiBus协议,软件实现ModBus协议,以UCOSⅡ为基础,用软件提取源报文用户信息,并依据目的节点协议生成新的报文实现两种协议报文转换;经测试,该方法实现了ModBus协议智能装置和智能传感器与ProFi-Bus网络的互联。     

基于AVR单片机的多舵机控制系统设计及仿真

舵机是机器人、机电系统和航模的重要执行机构;文章介绍了一种以ATmega16为核心的多舵机控制系统.利用单片机内部定时器,采用分时控制思想,用单片机实现多路PWM输出;系统的设计主要分为总体方案设计,硬件设计和软件设计部分,其中每一部分均采用模块化设计原则;系统总体设计遵循了可靠、简单、实用的原则,实验结果验证了方法的可行性和有效性,所提出的方法已经应用于多舵机的系统中.     

大幅面高速彩色喷绘机主控制系统研究与设计

随着喷绘技术应用的日益广泛,为了满足社会对高速高精度喷绘机的需求,基于ARM处理器结合软件、电子、机械等技术,自行研发了一套高速彩色喷绘机主控制系统;该系统接收上位机的控制命令和图像数据,检测并控制系统中的各个运动环节,同步运动与喷头的喷射,并将喷头需要的图像数据传输到喷头控制板上;实验证明,系统能够很好地控制其运行状态,水平运动可以精确到720dpi,并产生了较好的经济效益。