Zur Mikroskopie und Bewertung von Kakaowaren

Ohne Zusammenfassungbedeutet mit Abbildungen.Durchgeführt mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und Künste für die Tschechoslowakische Republik     

Effects of smoking bans on passive smoking exposure at work and at home. The European Community respiratory health survey

This longitudinal study investigated whether smoking bans influence passive smoking at work and/or at home in the same subjects. Passive smoking at work and/or at home was investigated in random population samples (European Community Respiratory Health Survey) in 1990‐1995, with follow‐up interviews in 1998‐2003 and 2010‐2014. National smoking bans were classified as partial (restricted to public workplaces) or global (extended to private workplaces). Multivariable analysis was accomplished by three‐level logistic regression models, where level‐1, level‐2, and level‐3 units were, respectively, questionnaire responses, subjects, and centers. Passive smoking at work was reported by 31.9% in 1990‐1995, 17.5% in 1998‐2003, and 2.5% in 2010‐2014. Concurrently, passive smoking at home decreased from 28.9% to 18.2% and 8.8%. When controlling for sex, age, education, smoking status, and ECHRS wave, the odds of passive smoking at work was markedly reduced after global smoking bans (OR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.25‐0.81), particularly among non‐smokers, while the protective effect of global smoking bans on passive smoking at home was only detected in non‐smokers. Smoking bans both in public and private workplaces were effective in reducing passive smoking at work in Europe. However, given the inefficacy of smoking bans in current smokers’ dwellings, better strategies are needed to avoid smoking indoors.     

Contact Behavior of Microcrystalline Cellulose Pellets Depending on their Water Content

Microcrystalline cellulose pellets for oral drug delivery are often produced by a combined wet extrusion-spheronization process. During the entire process, the cylindrical as well as the spherical pellets are exposed to various stresses resulting in a change of their shape and size due to plastic deformation and breakage. In this work, the effect of moisture content of pellets on their mechanical behavior is studied. In static compression tests, the strong influence of water content on deformation behavior of pellets is confirmed. Moreover, impact tests are performed using a setup consisting of three high-speed cameras to record pellet-wall collisions. Material properties, such as stiffness, restitution coefficient, breakage force, and displacement, were analyzed depending on the water content.     

HOMO–HOMO Electron Transfer: An Elegant Strategy for p-Type Doping of Polymer Semiconductors toward Thermoelectric Applications

Unlike the conventional p-doping of organic semiconductors (OSCs) using acceptors, here, an efficient doping concept for diketopyrrolopyrrole-based polymer PDPP[T]₂-EDOT (OSC-1) is presented using an oxidized p-type semiconductor, Spiro-OMeTAD(TFSI)₂ (OSC-2), exploiting electron transfer from HOMO_OSC-1 to HOMO_OSC-2. A shift of work function toward the HOMO_OSC-1 upon doping is confirmed by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). Detailed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV–vis–NIR absorption studies confirm HOMO_OSC-1 to HOMO_OSC-2 electron transfer. The reduction products of Spiro-OMeTAD(TFSI)₂ to Spiro-OMeTAD(TFSI) and Spiro-OMeTAD is also confirmed and their relative amounts in doped samples is determined. Mott–Schottky analysis shows two orders of magnitude increase in free charge carrier density and one order of magnitude increase in the charge carrier mobility. The conductivity increases considerably by four orders of magnitude to a maximum of 10 S m⁻¹ for a very low doping ratio of 8 mol%. The doped polymer films exhibit high thermal and ambient stability resulting in a maximum power factor of 0.07  µ W m⁻¹ K⁻² at a Seebeck coefficient of 140 µ V K⁻¹ for a very low doping ratio of 4 mol%. Also, the concept of HOMO_OSC-1 to HOMO_OSC-2 electron transfer is a highly efficient, stable and generic way to p-dope other conjugated polymers.     

Large strain flow curves of sheet metals by sheet extrusion

Metal sheets are forward extruded at large plastic strains up to 1.6. The sheet specimens are placed between two half-cylindrical billets and cold-extruded collectively. While extruding the sheets, their central zone is plastically deformed nearly homogeneously under a deviatoric stress state equivalent to simple tension. Tensile test specimens are extracted from the extruded sheets at various extrusion strains delivering flow stresses at discrete large plastic strains of the flow curve. Sheet thicknesses as thin as 0.2 mm could be tested successfully. Steel and aluminum alloys with different strengths were investigated. Results were compared with in-plane torsion test measurements.     

Creating round focused micro-jets from rectangular nozzles

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - A focused jet is an axisymmetric jet of liquid surrounded by an outer coaxial gas jet. The gas jet is typically used to compress the liquid jet in the...     

Neuregelung der Videoüberwachung in Rheinland-Pfalz

Mit dem nunmehr verabschiedeten Gesetzentwurf der Fraktionen der SPD und CDU (LT-Drs. 15/5135) zur ?nderung des Landesdatenschutzgesetzes des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz (LDSG) werden verschiedene Rechtsentwicklungen auf Bundesebene nachgezeichnet. So werden etwa durch die Neufassung des § 4 Abs. 2 LDSG die Anforderungen der Auftragsdatenverarbeitung an die parallelen Bestimmungen des BDSG angepasst. Mit der Neuregelung von § 18a LDSG übertr?gt der Landesgesetzgeber die Regelung des § 42a BDSG auf „Datenpannen“ innerhalb der ?ffentlichen Verwaltung und geht insoweit deutlich über das Bundesrecht zum Schutz der Betroffenen hinaus. Wichtig ist auch die ?nderung der Rechtsstellung des Datenschutzbeauftragten in § 23 Abs. 1 S. 2 LDSG. Das Land reagiert damit auf das Urteil des EuGH vom 9. M?rz 2010 zur Unabh?ngigkeit der Datenschutz-Aufsichtsbeh?rden und zieht daraus Folgerungen für die Rechtsstellung des unabh?ngigen Datenschutzbeauftragten. Im Mittelpunkt dieser Untersuchung steht jedoch die Neuregelung der Videoüberwachung in Rheinland-Pfalz.