模块化机器的安全白皮书

SmartFactory~(KL)工作组1 "智能基础设施"专门处理模块化工业4.0生产设施的安全问题。其旨在提供一种工厂结构,通过模块化等手段确保其灵活性和可变性。本安型模块具有常规的功能安全性。但是,模块间依然存在依赖关系。在支持未知模块的模块化系统中,还需要一个新的安全体系结构。去年,该概念被整合到了工业4.0生产设施中,以实例证明该概念可在当今技术的基础上得以实施。在安全和机器通信的实施中,仅采用了一条单线共存。机器和机器模块可以在运行期间插入生产线或从生产线移除,而不会影响工厂的其它部分。必要的安全相关参数将根据此处导入的安全配置文件自动进行协商、配置和发布。要求如下文所述。     

Subjective evaluation of natural high‐saturated images on a wide gamut display

In previous studies of image evaluation using wide color gamut displays, it is unclear to what degree people prefer the chroma‐varying images, especially the images that are more saturated than the most preferred image. Here, we present a study using a wide color gamut display, which measured viewers' most preferred level of image chroma (experiment 1) and their subjective evaluation of images that were less or more saturated than the previously most preferred one (experiment 2). The results showed that (a) the subjects' preferences for the original or for more saturated images depended on the images' original chroma and (b) the subjective evaluation of the images, that is, Valence and Arousal, did not deteriorate when the chroma of images increased more than the most preferred level. Such results indicate that the increase of the image chroma in wider color gamut displays can have a substantial influence on the impression images have on viewers.     

Robust output regulation by observer-based feedforward control

In this paper, a new method for the design of disturbance and reference feedforward controllers with disturbance observers is presented for systems, where the disturbance input location is unknown. The resulting controller achieves asymptotic tracking in the presence of the disturbances despite plant parameter variations and changing disturbance input locations, and is therefore robust. It is shown that the new controller design method is dual to Davison's approach for the application of the internal model principle. However, different from the latter one, the new design procedure allows a simple and complete prevention of controller windup by driving the disturbance observer with the saturated input. Furthermore, a straightforward separate reference channel design is possible in order to improve the tracking behaviour if the types of the reference and the disturbance signals differ. A simple example demonstrates the advantages of the new design method.     

Implementation of multivariate cumulative sum control charts in mastitis and lameness monitoring

This study analyzed the methodology and applicability of multivariate cumulative sum (MCUSUM) charts for early mastitis and lameness detection. Data used were recorded on the Karkendamm dairy research farm, Germany, between August 2008 and December 2010. Data of 328 and 315 cows in their first 200 d in milk were analyzed for mastitis and lameness detection, respectively. Mastitis as well as lameness was specified according to veterinary treatments. Both diseases were defined as disease blocks. Different disease definitions for mastitis and lameness (2 for mastitis and 3 for lameness) varied solely in the sequence length of the blocks. Only the days before the treatment were included in the disease blocks. Milk electrical conductivity, milk yield, and feeding patterns (feed intake, number of trough visits, and feeding time) were used for the recognition of mastitis. Pedometer activity and feeding patterns were used for lameness detection. To exclude biological trends and obtain independent observations, the values of each input variable were either preprocessed by wavelet filters or a multivariate vector autoregressive model. The residuals generated between the observed and filtered or observed and forecast values, respectively, were then transferred to a classic or self-starting MCUSUM chart. The combination of the 2 preprocessing methods with each of the 2 MCUSUM sum charts resulted in 4 combined monitoring systems. For mastitis as well as lameness detection requiring a block sensitivity of at least 70%, all 4 of the combined monitoring systems used revealed similar results within each of the disease definitions. Specificities of 73 to 80% and error rates of 99.6% were achieved for mastitis. The results for lameness showed that the definitions used obtained specificities of up to 81% and error rates of 99.1%. The results indicate that the monitoring systems with these study characteristics have appealing features for mastitis and lameness detection. However, they are not yet directly applicable for practical implementations.     

Wireless Internet Security

Immer kleiner, immer schneller, immer mobiler – Wireless LANs (WLANs) haben Einzug in Unternehmen und Hochschulen gehalten und GPRS soll den Mobilfunk revoluzionieren.     

Biohybrid Carbon Nanotube/Agarose Fibers for Neural Tissue Engineering

We report a novel approach for producing carbon nanotube fibers (CNF) composed with the polysaccharide agarose. Current attempts to make CNF's require the use of a polymer or precipitating agent in the coagulating bath that may have negative effects in biomedical applications. We show that by taking advantage of the gelation properties of agarose one can substitute the bath with distilled water or ethanol and hence reduce the complexity associated with alternating the bath components or the use of organic solvents. We also demonstrate that these CNF can be chemically functionalized to express biological moieties through available free hydroxyl groups in agarose. We corroborate that agarose CNF are not only conductive and nontoxic, but their functionalization can facilitate cell attachment and response both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that agarose/CNT hybrid materials are excellent candidates for applications involving neural tissue engineering and biointerfacing with the nervous system.