The Facile Synthesis and Energetic Properties of an Energetic Furoxan Lacking Traditional “Explosophore” Moieties: (E,E)‐3,4‐bis(oximomethyl)furoxan (DPX1)

Energetic furoxan (E,E)‐3,4‐bis(oximomethyl)furoxan (DPX1) was synthesized in 75 % yield, using a literature procedure, from a precursor readily available in one step from nitromethane. DPX1 was characterized for the first time as an energetic material in terms of calculated performance (V_det = 8245 m s⁻¹; p_C‐J = 29.0 GPa) and measured sensitivity (impact: 10 J; friction: 192 N; T_dec: 168 °C). DPX1 exhibits a sensitivity less than that of RDX, and a performance significantly higher than 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT).     

The importance of pial blood supply to the development of peritumoral brain edema in meningiomas

In a retrospective analysis, the authors studied the pial and dural blood supplies in 74 intracranial meningiomas and quantified their associated peritumoral brain edema (PTBE). The extent and localization of pial blush in relation to the total tumor volume were determined angiographically. The amount of edema and tumor size were calculated using computerized tomography. The edema-tumor volume ratio was defined as Edema Index (EI). There were 49 meningiomas with PTBE; of those tumors, 46 were supplied by pial vessels, and three were supplied exclusively by dural vessels. Tumors without PTBE showed no pial blush. The mean EI in meningiomas with pial blush was significantly larger (EI = 3) than in meningiomas without pial supply (EI = 1.1; p < 0.0001). Meningiomas with a smaller pial supply than dural supply had a significantly smaller mean EI than tumors with a pial supply equal to or greater than the dural supply (EI = 2.9 vs. EI = 3.7; p < 0.015). In 69.9% of cases with pial blood supply, major portions of the edema were located adjacent to the tumor region supplied by pial vessels. Edema index differences among tumors of different subgroups, as defined by size or histology, were significantly related to the pial supply in each subset. Thus, pial blood supply may be associated with the development of PTBE in meningiomas.     

Analyse qualitativer Daten: Einführung und Übersicht

Zusammenfassung Die Analyse qualitativer Daten hat in den vergangenen 10 Jahren einen enormen Aufschwung genommen. Während zunächst vor allem in Frankreich die Auswertung nominaler Daten forciert wurde, hat man sich in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland auch mit der Auswertung komplexerer Datenstrukturen beschäftigt. Neuere Trends belegen nachdrücklich, daß die Auswertung strukturadäquater Relationen aufN bzw.N ×N zum Teil auch für umfangreichere Probleme möglich ist.Das Problem der disjunkten bzw. hierarchischen Klassifikation führt oft zu Aufgaben der binären linearen Optimierung oder zu Optimierungsansätzen auf geeigneten Verbänden von Relationen. Das Problem der Repräsentation und Identifikation mit qualitativen Daten wird auf das Konzept der mehrdimensionalen Skalierung zurückgeführt. Man läßt für jeden Merkmalstyp alle mit der Struktur verträglichen Skalierungen zu und formuliert Optimierungsprobleme, die auf dem klassischen Prinzip der kleinsten Quadrate beruhen.

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Summary Over the last 10 years we observe an enormous progress in Qualitative Data Analysis. While in France especially the methods dealing with nominal data have been advanced, in Germany more complex types of data have been treated. New developments show that the analysis of appropriate binary relations onN orN ×N is possible for problems of a greater size.The problem of computing a partition or a hierarchy can be formulated as a binary linear optimization problem or an optimization problem on appropriate lattices of relations. The problems of representation and reproduction are reduced to the multidimensional scaling concept. For each type of data we consider all compatible scales and give the corresponding optimization problems, based on the classical principle of least squares.

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Teil 2 der Arbeit (Kapitel 5) erscheint in OR Spektrum Band 6, Heft 3 (1984)     

Buchbesprechungen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Statistical Evaluation of Stability Data of Pharmaceutical Products for Specification Setting

Recent experience has shown that the regulatory authorities try to narrow specifications for a new drug product closely around stability data that have been generated in the course of registration stability testing. This should ensure that the quality of the marketed product is produced within tight limits, very similar to the quality which is registered. A strategy is proposed to set scientifically based, statistically justified specifications. The long-term stability data available at the time point of registration application are extrapolated to a target shelf life (usually 36 months) of the new pharmaceutical product by linear regression. Batch-to-batch heterogeneity is tested as prescribed by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guideline on stability testing of new drug substances and drug products. The data of different batches are combined in appropriate statistical models for further evaluation. The one-sided 99% confidence limit for individuals is used for the determination of release and shelf life specifications. Special attention is given to power calculations by which patients' risk of receiving material which does not fulfill the requirements can be controlled.     

Determining residual urine volumes using a portable ultrasonographic device

To evaluate the effects of long-term treatment antihypertensive with the dihydropyridine calcium antagonist amlodipine on insulin sensitivity, plasma insulin, and lipoprotein metabolism in obese hypertensive patients. We measured the insulin sensitivity index (SI), determined by the Minimal Model Method of Bergman, fasting plasma insulin and glucose concentrations, serum total triglyceride and lipoprotein cholesterol fractions, and blood pressure in 20 obese, non-diabetic patients with essential hypertension before and after 6 weeks of placebo and again after 6 months of amlodipine. Ten patients [mean body mass index (BMI) 30.2 kg.m-2] had been on prior treatment with a thiazide diuretic in low dosage and/or a beta-adrenoceptor blocker (group A), and 10 matched patients [BMI 31.8 kg.m-2] had been previously untreated (group B). Amlodipine was started in a dose of 5 mg and was increased to 10 mg once daily in 14 patients who were hypertensive after 8 weeks on the lower dosage. At entry (before placebo), SI was slightly but not significantly lower in group A than B [2.7 vs. 3.6 x 10(-4) ml.microU-4.min-1]; fasting plasma insulin was 13.6 vs. 12.9 microU.ml-1. After 6 weeks on placebo, S1 averaged 3.7 in group A and 4.4 x 10(-4) microU.ml-1.min-1 in group B; fasting plasma insulin was 14.6 vs. 15.1 microU.ml-1, and glucose 5.5 vs. 5.5 mmol.l-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Synthesis and characterization of chiral and thermo responsive amphiphilic conetworks

Amphiphilic polymer conetworks (APCN) combine the properties of different polymers on the nanoscale affording advanced materials with unique properties. Here, we present the first APCN with a chiral hydrophilic phase. The conetworks were prepared by copolymerizing the tailored chiral monomer (R)-N-(1-hydroxybutan-2-yl)acrylamide (R-HBA) with two different crosslinkers that consist of bitelechelic methacrylate-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) of a molecular weight of 1100 g/mol and 5620 g/mol, respectively. The resulting polymer conetworks P-R-HBA-l-PDMS exhibited both two different T_g values, indicating nanophase separation. However, the conetwork with PDMS_1.1 did not show nanophases in the AFM and did not swell the phases separately in orthogonal solvents. On the other hand the materials with PDMS_5.6 acted like a typical APCN. The APCN P-R-HBA-l-PDMS_5.6 was found to be temperature sensitive in water, decreasing its degree of swelling linearly with increasing temperature. Additionally, the conetwork is increasing its degree of swelling in n-heptane in the region of the T_g of the P-R-HBA phase. The impact of the chiral polymer on the release of cinchona alkaloids was examined. For example, (−)-cinchonine diffuses four times faster off the P-R-HBA-l-PDMS networks than off the P-S-HBA-l-PDMS conetworks.