The content and composition of sterols and sterol esters in low erucic acid rapeseed (Brassica napus)

The low temperature crystallization technique for the enrichment of “minor” components, such as sterols and sterol esters, from vegetable oils was applied to low erucic acid rapeseed oils. The recovery of free sterols and sterol esters was estimated by use of¹⁴C-cholesterol and¹⁴C-cholesterol oleate. 80% of the free sterols and 45% of the sterol esters were recovered in the liquid fraction, while in two studies total recoveries were 95% and 99%, respectively. This technique showed some selectivity toward the sterol bound fatty acids when compared to direct preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the crude oil. Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis of the free and esterified sterols as TMS-derivatives showed very little selectivity in the enrichment procedure. The fatty acid patterns of the sterol esters demonstrated, however, a preference in the liquid fraction for those sterol esters which have a high linoleic and linolenic acid content. The content of free sterols was 0.3–0.4% and that of sterol esters 0.7–1.2% of the rapeseed oils in both winter and summer types of low erucic acid rapeseed (Brassica napus) when the lipid classes were isolated by direct preparative TLC of the oils. The free sterols in the seven cultivars or breeding lines analyzed were composed of 44–55% sitosterol, 27–36% campesterol, 17–21% brassicasterol, and a trace of cholesterol. The esterified sterols were 47–57% sitosterol, 36–44% campesterol, 6–9% brassicasterol, and traces of cholesterol and Δ5-avenasterol. The fatty acid patterns of these esters were characterized by ca. 30% oleic acid and ca. 50% linoleic acid, whereas these acids constitute 60% and 20%, respectively, of the total fatty acids in the oil. Little or no variation in sterol and sterol ester patterns with locality within Sweden was observed for the one cultivar of summer rapeseed investigated by the low temperature crystallization technique.     

Adsorption on activated carbon in countercurrent flow: An experimental study

The work describes adsorption experiments from aqueous solutions on activated carbon using a counter-current adsorber. Phenol and paranitrophenol were used for single component adsorption and molasses colour for multicomponent adsorption experiments. Isotherms were determined using simple equilibrium experiments. Three different techniques were used for determination of the kinetics. These were finite bath, infinite bath and fixed bed experiments. A mathematical model for countercurrent adsorption was tested. The model includes the effect of film diffusion and pore diffusion as well as surface diffusion, and can handle systems with a nonlinear isotherms. Kinetic data in the form of an average diffusivity in the carbon determined from the finite bath experiments and isotherm data did not predict the operation of the countercurrent column well. Data from the fixed bed experiments predicted countercurrent column operation much better. This is deemed to be due to inhomogeneities in the carbon used, resulting in a fairly quick initial uptake of the main part of the solute and a slower uptake of a minor amount.     

充实自己,把握未来

正告别"一生",迎来"一世"。新旧交替中,中国车市开启了新的篇章。2013年,在"微增长"的预期下,国内汽车产销双双超过2000万辆,再创全球产销最高纪录,国内私家车保有量进一步提升。在汽车后市场被业内人公认为汽车售后利润增长点的情况下,这     

Hydrodynamics and steel tube wastage in a fluidized bed at elevated temperature

Hydrodynamic measurements were made in a bubbling fluidized bed operated at 550°C at three different excess gas velocities (0.15, 0.40 and ). The bed has a cross-sectional area of with an immersed tube bank consisting of 59 horizontal stainless steel tubes (AISI 304L), 21 of which are exchangeable, thus allowing erosion studies. Capacitance probe analysis was used to determine the mean bubble rise velocity, the mean bubble frequency, the mean pierced bubble length, the mean bubble volume fraction and the mean visible bubble flow rate. Tube wastage was calculated from roundness profiles obtained by stylus profilometry.A redistribution of the bubble flow towards the center of the bed occurs when the excess gas velocity is increased. Measurements along a target tube, situated next to the capacitance probe, usually show greater material wastage at the central part of the tube, since the mean bubble rise velocity and the mean visible bubble flow rate are higher there. It is suggested that the greater material degradation is also an effect of the through-flow of a particle-transporting gas stream in the bubbles. With increasing height above the distributor plate the circumferential wastage profiles for the lowest excess gas velocity show a gradual change from an erosion pattern with one maximum (Type B behavior) to a pattern with two maxima (Type A behavior). Power spectral density distributions of the fluctuating pressure signals show that this is a result of the formation of larger bubbles, when the fluidization regime is changed in the upper part of the bed. At the highest excess gas velocity the bubble flow becomes more constrained due to a more rapid coalescence of the bubbles and the tubes show Type A wastage profiles throughout the bed.     

汾河沉积物中重金属污染及生态风险评价

研究针对汾河太原段的沉积物进行采样,对重金属进行分析。测定结果表明：汾河太原段沉积物中重金属的含量很高,4种重金属之间、12个采样点之间含量差别较大;含量反映了工业排放是造成汾河太原段重金属含量高的主要原因。重金属污染状况评价表明：所研究的4种重金属都处于中等以上污染水平,污染程度排行为：Pb〉Cr〉Cu〉Ni;对采样点进行综合污染状况评价表明,所有采样点均处于一个较高或很高的污染水平,污染最严重的是胜利桥和涧河。潜在生态风险评价表明：Cu处于较高的潜在生态风险,Pb、Cr和Ni处于中、低的潜在风险;采样点的潜在风险评价表明：胜利桥、涧河和南沙河的综合潜在生态风险处于较高水平。     

钟摆目标的微多普勒特征分析与提取

针对室内雷达目标的分类和识别问题,建立了室内钟摆目标的微动数学模型和回波模型,分析了室内钟摆运动产生的微多普勒特征.通过仿真钟摆目标的雷达回波,采用平滑伪Winger-Ville时频分析方法,提取了钟摆目标的微多普勒特征.结果表明:室内钟摆运动产生的微多普勒特征是周期为1/2钟摆周期的正弦调制.从仿真回波中提取的微多普勒特征与理论推导一致,验证了模型及理论分析的正确性.     

基于支持向量机的高速公路事件检测算法研究

高速公路事件检测是交通信息工程及控制学科中的一项重要研究课题,以高速公路交通流的特点为研究对象,提出了一种基于支持向量机(SVM)的高速公路事件检测算法.根据支持向量机的基本原理,分别设计了基于线性不可分SVM、齐次多项式核函数、高斯径向基核函数、双曲线正切核函数等不同核函数的事件检测算法.仿真结果表明:针对不同的交通流状况,选择合适的SVM模型和核函数,得到的检测结果与经典的加利福尼亚算法相比,检测效率高,性能指标好,具有较高的实际应用价值.     

Logistic回归与分类树模型的比较

为了有效地评估客户的可信度,提高信贷机构经济效益。文中通过统计学中的参数方法Logistic回归和非参数方法分类树这两种方法,建立两种模型对数据进行预测,应用SPSS软件的Binary Logistic Regression方法,利用ROC曲线的性质来对模型的性能进行评价,根据输出结果比较两种模型在应用中都是可行有效的,在实际操作中应因地制宜,把握两种方法的优势,得到更有价值的结果.     

The Inhibitive Effect of Traces of SO2 on the Oxidation of Iron

The oxidation of Fe was investigated at 500–700°C in the presence of O₂ with 0–1000 ppm SO₂. The exposures were carried out in a thermobalance and lasted for 24 h. The oxidized samples were investigated by grazing-angle XRD, SEM/EDX, GDOES and XPS. The rate of oxidation of pure iron is slowed down by traces of O₂ in O₂ below 600°C while SO₂ has no effect on oxidation rate at higher temperatures. Exposure to SO₂<600°C resulted in the formation of small amounts of sulfate at the gas/oxide interface. In addition, sulfur, probably sulfide, accumulated at the metal/oxide interface. The influence of SO₂ on oxidation rate is attributed to surface sulfate. The sulfur distribution in the scale is rationalized in terms of the thermodynamic stability of compounds in the Fe–O–S system. Exposure to SO₂ caused the formation of hematite whiskers.     

The influence of thermal annealing on residual stresses and mechanical properties of arc-evaporated TiCxN1−x (x=0, 0.15 and 0.45) thin films

We report the stress relaxation behavior of arc-evaporated TiC_xN_1−x thin films during isothermal annealing between 350 and 900°C. Films with x=0, 0.15, and 0.45, each having an initial compressive intrinsic stress σ_int=−5.4 GPa, were deposited by varying the substrate bias V_s and the gas composition. Annealing above the deposition temperature leads to a steep decrease in the magnitude of σ_int to a saturation stress value, which is a function of the annealing temperature. The corresponding apparent activation energies for stress relaxation are E_a=2.4, 2.9, and 3.1 eV, for x=0, 0.15, and 0.45, respectively. TiC_0.45N_0.55 films with a lower initial stress σ_int=−3 GPa, obtained using a high substrate bias, show a higher activation energy E_a=4.2 eV. In all the films, stress relaxation is accompanied by a decrease in defect density indicated by the decreased width of X-ray diffraction peaks and decreased strain contrast in transmission electron micrographs. Correlation of these results with film hardness and microstructure measurements indicates that the stress relaxation is a result of point-defect annihilation taking place both during short-lived metal-ion surface collision cascades during deposition, and during post-deposition annealing by thermally activated processes. The difference in E_a for the films of the same composition deposited at different V_s suggests the existence of different types of point-defect configurations and recombination mechanisms.