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81.
82.
High Temperature Oxidation of the Austenitic (35Fe27Cr31Ni) Alloy Sanicro 28 in O2 + H2O Environment
C. Pettersson T. Jonsson C. Proff M. Halvarsson J.-E. Svensson L.-G. Johansson 《Oxidation of Metals》2010,74(1-2):93-111
The present study investigates the high temperature oxidation of alloy Sanicro 28 (35Fe27Cr31Ni) in 5% O2 and in 5% O2 + 40% H2O. Polished steel coupons were isothermally exposed in a tube furnace at 600, 700 and 800 °C for up to 168 h. The samples were investigated by gravimetry, grazing angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-rays (STEM/EDX). The results show that the material forms a protective scale in both environments. The scale is duplex. The inner part of the scale consists of corundum type chromium-rich (Cr x Fe1?x )2O3, and the outer layer consists of spinel type oxide. Chromia is lost from the protective oxide by vaporization of CrO2(OH)2 in O2 + H2O environment. The capacity of Sanicro 28 to suffer chromia vaporization without forming a rapidly growing iron-rich oxide is attributed to its high Cr/Fe ratio. The spinel formed at the oxide/gas interface could in addition be beneficial for oxidation behavior in wet oxygen because it may slow down chromia evaporation. 相似文献
83.
Anna Winkvist Agneta Hörnell Göran Hallmans Bernt Lindahl Lars Weinehall Ingegerd Johansson 《Nutrition journal》2009,8(1):12-9
Background
The need to promote a healthy diet to curb the current obesity epidemic has today been recognized by most countries. A prerequisite for planning and evaluating interventions on dietary intake is the existence of valid information on long-term average dietary intake in a population. Few large, population-based studies of dietary intake have been carried out in Sweden. The largest to date is the Västerbotten Intervention Program (VIP), which was initiated in 1985, with data collection still ongoing. This paper reports on the first comprehensive analyses of the dietary data and presents dietary intake patterns among over 60,000 women and men in northern Sweden during 1992–2005.Methods
Between 1992 and 2005, 71,367 inhabitants in Västerbotten county aged 30, 40, 50, and 60 years visited their local health care center as part of the VIP. Participants of VIP filled in an 84- or 64-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and provided sociodemographic information. Complete and realistic information on consumption frequency was provided by 62,531 individuals. Food intake patterns were analyzed using K-means cluster analyses.Results
The mean daily energy intake was 6,83 (± 1,77) MJ among women and 8,71 (± 2,26) MJ among men. More than half of both women and men were classified as Low Energy Reporters (defined as individuals reporting a food intake level below the lower 95% confidence interval limit of the physical activity level). Larger variation in frequency of daily intake was seen among women than among men for most food groups. Among women, four dietary clusters were identified, labeled "Fruit and vegetables", "High fat", "Coffee and sandwich", and "Tea and ice cream". Among men, three dietary clusters were identified, labeled "Fruit and vegetables", "High fat", and "Tea, soda and cookies".Conclusion
More distinct food intake patterns were seen among women than men in this study in northern Sweden. Due to large proportions of Low Energy Reporters, our results on dietary intake may not be suitable for comparisons with recommended intake levels. However, the results on food intake patterns should still be valid and useful as a basis for targeting interventions to groups most in need. 相似文献84.
环氧丙烯酸树脂的合成及其改性 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
采用丙烯酸(AA)对环氧树脂(EP)进行光活性改性制备环氧丙烯酸树脂(EA),通过单因素试验法优选出制备EA的最佳反应条件。结果表明:制备EA的最佳反应条件是以N′N-二甲基苯胺为催化剂,w(催化剂)=2.5%(相对于反应物总质量而言);以对苯二酚为阻聚剂,w(阻聚剂)=0.1%(相对于反应物总质量而言);反应温度为90℃,反应时间为2.0~3.5h。当w(引发剂)=1.0%时,EA的固化性能较好。采用多元醇先对EP进行改性,然后再进行光活性改性,可明显降低产物的黏度。 相似文献
85.
86.
T. Jonsson N. Folkeson M. Halvarsson J.-E. Svensson L.-G. Johansson 《Oxidation of Metals》2014,81(5-6):575-596
This paper investigates the influence of 500 ppm HCl in a 5 %O2–95 %N2 atmosphere on the oxidation of the austenitic stainless steel AISI 310S at 500 °C. Laboratory exposures were made for one, 24, 72 and 168 h and the samples were analysed with XRD, SEM/EDX, FIB and TEM/EDX. When exposed in oxygen a thin and protective chromium-rich oxide scale forms. Addition of HCl causes significantly accelerated corrosion. Within the first hour of exposure, accumulations of FeCl2, CrCl2 and NiCl2 forms below the chromium-rich oxide, especially at steel grain boundaries. The chlorine-induced corrosion is suggested to occur through an electrochemical reaction, in which the dissociation of HCl to form chloride ions at the scale surface is coupled to the oxidation of the metal surface beneath the scale by an outwards electronic current and inwards diffusion of chloride ions along oxide grain boundaries. 相似文献
87.
Nicolas Larché Benoit Emo Audrey Allion Elisabeth Johansson Dominique Thierry 《工业材料与腐蚀》2021,72(8):1338-1349
With lower alloying cost and higher mechanical properties, lean duplex stainless steels can be an alternative to the more commonly used austenitic stainless steels. However, these alloys are still not the preferred choice, probably due to a lack of field experience. A study was thus initiated in view of defining the limits of use of selected (lean) duplexes for urban wastewater treatment units. The present paper shows the localized corrosion performance of selected lean duplexes in chloride contaminated solutions. The results are compared with austenitic S30403 and S31603 and with the more standard duplexes S82441 and S32205. The effect of welding was also investigated. Exposures in field municipal wastewater plants were conducted for 1 year in low and high chloride content units. The results show that lean duplexes S32101 and S32202 can be used as alternatives to S30403 and S31603 in low chloride electrolytes. At 500 ppm of chloride content, duplex stainless steel S32304 showed better corrosion resistance than S30403 and S31603. For higher chloride contents (1000 ppm and above) the standard duplexes S82441 and S32205 shall be preferred. 相似文献
88.
We report the stress relaxation behavior of arc-evaporated TiCxN1−x thin films during isothermal annealing between 350 and 900°C. Films with x=0, 0.15, and 0.45, each having an initial compressive intrinsic stress σint=−5.4 GPa, were deposited by varying the substrate bias Vs and the gas composition. Annealing above the deposition temperature leads to a steep decrease in the magnitude of σint to a saturation stress value, which is a function of the annealing temperature. The corresponding apparent activation energies for stress relaxation are Ea=2.4, 2.9, and 3.1 eV, for x=0, 0.15, and 0.45, respectively. TiC0.45N0.55 films with a lower initial stress σint=−3 GPa, obtained using a high substrate bias, show a higher activation energy Ea=4.2 eV. In all the films, stress relaxation is accompanied by a decrease in defect density indicated by the decreased width of X-ray diffraction peaks and decreased strain contrast in transmission electron micrographs. Correlation of these results with film hardness and microstructure measurements indicates that the stress relaxation is a result of point-defect annihilation taking place both during short-lived metal-ion surface collision cascades during deposition, and during post-deposition annealing by thermally activated processes. The difference in Ea for the films of the same composition deposited at different Vs suggests the existence of different types of point-defect configurations and recombination mechanisms. 相似文献
89.
The reduction and oxidation behaviour of oxygen carrier particles of NiO and NiAl2O4 has been investigated in a fluidized bed reactor as well as a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The particles showed high reactivity and gas yield to CO2 with methane in the temperature interval 750–950°C. In the fluidized bed the yield to CO2 was between 90 and 99% using bed masses corresponding to 16–57 kg/MWfuel. Complementary experiments in a TGA at 750 and 950°C showed a clear reaction of the NiAl2O4 with CH4 at the higher temperature. There was methane released from the reactor at high degrees of solid oxidation, which is likely associated with the lack of Ni‐sites on the particles which can reform the methane. There was some carbon formation during the reduction, although the amount was minor when the gas yield to carbon dioxide and degree of oxidation of the solid was high. A simple reactor model using kinetic data from a previous study predicted the gas yield during the reduction in the fluidized bed experiments with reasonable accuracy. The oxygen carrier system investigated in this work shows high promise for use in a real CLC system, provided that the particle manufacturing process can be scaled up with reasonable cost. 相似文献
90.
目的 研究保心包贴膜对稳定型心绞痛(SAP)患者血浆内皮素(ET)和一氧化氮(NO)水平的影响。方法 76例SAP患者随机单盲分为保心包组和硝酸异山梨酯组,分别给予保心包贴膜外敷心前区,每片4d(首次2片),共6片20d;硝酸异山梨酯10mg,每日3次,po。观察治疗前后血浆ET和NO水平。结果 SAP患者治疗前血浆ET和NO水平分别显著高于和低于正常对照组(均P<0.01);治疗后保心包组和硝酸异山梨酯组ET和NO代谢失衡均显著改善,但以保心包组改善更为显著(P<0.05)。结论 保心包贴膜显著改善SAP患者ET和NO的代谢失衡,可能是其有效缓解心绞痛的机理之一。 相似文献