Rural idylls and urban economies: the making of metropolitan wine regions

In our quest to understand wine industries and their location and development worldwide, much emphasis has been given to key environmental, cultural and economic factors. The concept of terroir is used widely to describe, delimit and promote favoured wine regions. In this, we see constructions of rurality that tend to render invisible important connections between wine regions and urban places. However, many if not most wine regions owe much to their urban neighbours. Cities are sources of labour, capital and customers. Indeed, many wine regions are, in effect, metropolitan wine regions that owe as much to their proximity to cities than they do to any putative environmental distinctiveness and advantages. Wineries in such places develop strategies to survive and prosper not by producing bottles of wine that are widely sold on global markets – and compete on the basis on price or global reputation – but rather because they develop strong and loyal local markets tied to urban economies and because they appeal to the rural idylls held by urban consumers. This paper explores the way urban places have been critical in the development of certain wine regions in New Zealand.     

β-氨基丁酸处理对火龙果采后病害及贮藏品质的影响

以南湖菱为试验材料,研究护色液处理结合不同温度处理对南湖菱鲜食品质的影响。研究结果显示,护色液处理可以使南湖菱亮度增加19.37%,绿色增加28.23%,增加南湖菱的感官品质和商品价值;与常温(25℃)相比,0℃以及4℃贮藏保鲜可有效减少南湖菱果肉水分散失、降低黄化率、抑制可滴定酸、可溶性糖等营养物质的分解;显著降低多酚氧化酶的活性,减少南湖菱表面褐变的发生,较好的维持南湖菱营养品质和商品价值,其中0℃保鲜效果最佳,与对照组相比,鲜食期延长至少2 d。     

Review of Mechanical Properties,Migration, and Potential Applications in Active Food Packaging Systems Containing Nanoclays and Nanosilver

The incorporation of nanomaterials into a range of polymeric materials shows great potential for developing new active food packaging systems. Although there are many suggested benefits of nanoparticles (NPs) in food packaging, there are also potential risks due to the possibility of such particles migrating into foodstuffs. This has obvious implications for human health and it may also negatively impact on marketing and consumer confidence. This review focuses on 2 particular types of nanomaterials: nanoclays and nanosilver, with a view to examining the effects of these on system mechanical properties (nanoclays) and antimicrobial efficacy (nanosilver). It further reports on the various migration studies, techniques for characterization, and measurement of NPs as well as the potential migration of NPs from packaging into foodstuffs. Assessment of the literature to date suggests there is an urgent need for further research in order to devise better NP detection methods and to determine the likelihood of their migration from packaging materials into foodstuffs.     

Microwave and pulsed electric field assisted extractions of polyphenols from defatted canola seed cake

The incorporation of microwave and pulsed electric field (PEF) technologies in optimising the extraction of polyphenols from defatted canola seed cake was determined by Box‐Behnken response surface methodology, using three parameters of microwave treatment (power, time and liquid: solid (L:S) ratio) and four parameters of PEF (ethanol concentration, time, frequency and voltage). After microwave and PEF pretreatments, the polyphenols of defatted canola seed cake were extracted by ultrasound treatment under fixed variables (200 W of ultrasonic power, 70 °C of water bath and 20 min of extraction time). The measured responses were total phenolics, total flavonoids, the DPPH˙ scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The maximum yields of all responses were achieved under optimum conditions of microwave processing (5 min, L:S ratio of 6.0 and 633.3 W) and PEF‐assisted extraction (30 V, 30 Hz, 10% ethanol concentration and 10 s).     

Outlast粘胶纤维的吸放湿性能研究

研究Outlast粘胶纤维的吸放湿性能。在标准大气条件下对Outlast粘胶纤维进行了吸放湿性能试验,由此建立了该纤维的吸湿和放湿回归曲线以及吸湿和放湿速率回归曲线,并与普通粘胶纤维进行了对比。结果表明,Outlast粘胶纤维的吸放湿能力低于普通粘胶纤维;其吸湿速率随时间呈指数形式衰减并在2 h后达到吸湿平衡;其放湿速率亦随时间呈指数形式衰减并在18 h后达到放湿平衡。     

不同节水灌溉方式对赤霞珠生长与果实品质的影响

以传统灌溉方式沟灌为对照,以10年生赤霞珠为试材,研究了在西北干旱区不同节水灌溉方式:单管滴灌、双管滴灌、覆草灌溉和膜下滴灌对赤霞珠生长和结果的影响,筛选出适于河西地区葡萄生长的最优灌水组合。通过在不同时期对赤霞珠的生长指标和品质指标进行测定,结果表明,各处理对赤霞珠的新梢生长、果粒大小和穗重没有显著影响。覆草、覆膜均能显著提高果实的pH值、可溶性固形物含量、总糖含量等各项品质指标,单滴和双滴仅能对部分指标有显著影响。各处理与对照相比,实现节水37.5%,4种灌水处理比较,覆草灌溉效果最佳。     

响应面中心组合设计法对染色工艺的优化

采用响应面中心组合设计法考察了碳酸钠用量、氯化钠用量、染色温度和固色时间对纯棉针织物活性染料染色K/S值的影响。通过回归分析、影响因子的方差分析、响应面和等高线图分析及实际染色实验验证,证明响应面模型能够准确地预测各工艺条件对K/S值的影响,得出最佳工艺条件为:氯化钠用量29.9g/L、碳酸钠用量14.5g/L、染色温度63.5℃、固色时间37.5min。     

几种无铬鞣剂鞣革性能的比较

分别使用改性戊二醛、噁唑烷和有机膦鞣制浸酸山羊皮,以鞣剂的用量为变量,得出这3种无铬鞣剂的最佳用量分别为酸皮质量的10%、5%和2.5%。通过进一步对比3种鞣剂在最佳鞣制工艺条件下,所得坯革的收缩温度、撕裂强度、抗张强度、伸长率以及鞣制成本分析,结果表明:单独使用改性戊二醛的综合鞣制效果,优于噁唑烷和有机膦。     

尼龙6切片的单线多品种生产

论述了以单条聚合生产线进行多品种生产的可行性。通过生产实践，在原设计为民用纺丝级半消光切片生产线上，先后生产出全光低粘切片、中粘切片及高粘切片，并实现了各品种生产的成功转换。     

Additional modules for versatile and economical PCR-based gene deletion and modification in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

An important recent advance in the functional analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes is the development of the one-step PCR-mediated technique for deletion and modification of chromosomal genes. This method allows very rapid gene manipulations without requiring plasmid clones of the gene of interest. We describe here a new set of plasmids that serve as templates for the PCR synthesis of fragments that allow a variety of gene modifications. Using as selectable marker the S. cerevisiae TRP1 gene or modules containing the heterologous Schizosaccharomyces pombe his5⁺ or Escherichia coli kan^r gene, these plasmids allow gene deletion, gene overexpression (using the regulatable GAL1 promoter), C- or N-terminal protein tagging [with GFP(S65T), GST, or the 3HA or 13Myc epitope], and partial N- or C-terminal deletions (with or without concomitant protein tagging). Because of the modular nature of the plasmids, they allow efficient and economical use of a small number of PCR primers for a wide variety of gene manipulations. Thus, these plasmids should further facilitate the rapid analysis of gene function in S. cerevisiae. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.