不同成熟度对烤烟烟叶品质和安全性指标的影响

为探讨不同成熟度对烤烟烟叶主要品质成分和安全性指标的影响,以烤烟品种G80为材料,对相同生产条件下不同成熟度烤烟烟叶主要化学成分和烟气安全性指标进行了研究。结果表明,没有充分成熟的烤烟烟叶在品质和安全性指标上均较差。过熟烤烟烟叶除葡萄糖含量变化不明显外,果糖、麦芽糖、蔗糖等水溶性糖和石油醚提取物、总挥发酸及钾含量均大幅度降低;而氮、烟碱、挥发碱和挥发碱/烟碱等重要化学指标明显升高。过熟烤烟烟叶的焦油含量虽然较低,但烟气的稠环芳烃类化合物总量与适熟烤烟差异并不明显,其中苯并[a]芘含量有明显升高的趋势。鉴于适熟烤烟烟叶的各项品质指标综合表现较好,故在中式烤烟型卷烟为主的市场条件下,应将采购烟叶的成熟度控制在适度成熟为好。     

L-赖氨酸与葡萄糖美拉德反应及其产物的抗氧化性能研究

研究L-赖氧酸与葡萄糖氨基和羰基不同比例的3个体系的美拉德反应(L-赖氨酸的氨基与葡萄糖的羰基的物质量之比分别为1:1、1:2和2:1),并以对超氧阴离子O_2,清除能力为指标,评价了美拉德反应产物(MRPs)的抗氧化能力。结果表明:美拉德反应是个酸度和褐变不断增强的反应;MRPs的最大吸收波长在460 nm左右;达到相同的褐变程度,即吸光度A为2.0时,3个体系的反应速率:1:2>1:1>2:1;不同体系得到的MRPs对O_2~-,都具有较好的清除效果,并且MRPs的抗氧化能力不完全依赖于产物的褐变程度。     

浅谈无菌包装

通过对无菌包装的市场调查,对其结果进行分析,进一步阐述了国内外无菌包装的现状。同时对无菌包装上的创新思路加以介绍,最后展望我国无菌包装的发展前景。     

预冷方式及MAP贮藏对芦笋采后生理变化的影响

为探讨预冷方式及MAP贮藏对芦笋保鲜的效果,以绿芦笋为试材,研究了真空、冰水、冷库自然预冷等3种不同的预冷方式并结合低温MAP处理对采后生理、营养品质和感官质量的影响.结果表明芦笋采后未经及时预冷、未用MAP包装入库,贮藏8 d的芦笋因营养品质和感官质量急剧下降而失去商品价值;真空预冷的降温速度最快并能显著降低芦笋的呼吸强度;采用低温并结合MAP包装处理,能有效降低细胞膜透性和粗纤维含量的增加,抑制维生素C和叶绿素含量的下降,芦笋贮藏20d仍具有较好的感官质量与商品价值.预冷对芦笋的贮藏效果依次为真空预冷、冰水预冷和冷库自然预冷.     

HPLC在研究微杆菌D-97胞内酶合成海藻糖机制中的应用

微杆菌D 97胞内酶对麦芽糖的水解微弱 ,并且合成海藻糖的酶反应对磷酸盐无依赖性。采用氨基键合柱HPLC对酶作用的初始底物麦芽寡糖混合物 (Ⅰ )、酶作用 2 4h后未糖化的底物 (Ⅱ )及其糖化水解后的底物 (Ⅲ )分别进行检测对照 ,底物Ⅰ麦芽五糖占34 1 5 % ,底物Ⅱ海藻糖、三糖和五糖分别占 1 7 68%、37 63 %和 3 0 8% ,底物Ⅲ的 2种主要产物葡萄糖和海藻糖各占 77 57%、2 0 2 0 %。通过上述 3种底物二糖至六糖浓度变化的比较 ,发现 DP 值 >4的麦芽寡糖为微杆菌D - 97胞内酶合成海藻糖的较适底物 ,并推断麦芽五糖生成海藻糖的基本方式为 :麦芽五糖→麦芽三糖 +海藻糖。以麦芽五糖为底物的酶反应研究进一步证实了上述作用方式。对于筛选得到的野生菌酶 ,HPLC对照检测从 1个角度为其酶合成海藻糖基本机制研究提供 1种方法。     

基于LabVIEW的纱线动态张力检测系统

基于虚拟仪器技术的纱线动态张力检测系统采用了美国NI(National Instrument）公司推出的LabVIEW图形化编程语言，其功能强大，应用便捷，使得传感器和数据采集设备能够得到充分的应用，文章对该系统的数据采集、数据分析与处理，测试结果的显示，输出与保存，系统错误提示与超标预警功能，仪器校核等进行了具体介绍。     

Removal of Salmonella Enteritidis from commercial unpasteurized liquid egg white using pilot scale cross flow tangential microfiltration

Effectiveness of a cross flow microfiltration (MF) process for removal of a cocktail of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis species from commercial unpasteurized liquid egg white (LEW) from a local egg breaking plant, while maintaining its functional properties was evaluated. To facilitate MF, LEW was wedge screened, homogenized and then diluted (1:2 w/w) with distilled water containing 0.5% sodium chloride. Diluted unpasteurized LEW was inoculated with five strains of S. Enteritidis (ATCC 4931, ATCC BAA-708, ATCC 49215, ATCC 49218, and ATCC BAA-1045) to a level of approximately 10⁷ CFU/mL of LEW and microfiltered using a ceramic membrane. Process parameters influencing egg white functional properties and pathogen removal efficiency were evaluated. Average permeates flux increased by almost 126% when pH of LEW was adjusted from pH 8 to pH 7 at 25 °C. Microbial removal efficiency was at least, on average, 6.8 Log₁₀ CFU/mL (limit of detection ≤ 0.5 Log₁₀ CFU/mL). Functional property analysis indicated that the MF process did not alter the foaming power of LEW.     

四棱豆养分消化特性的研究

通过在饲粮中添加四棱豆粉,研究了四棱豆粉对大鼠生长发育、肝脏、胰脏、脏器系数等生理指标的影响,并应用套算法测定大鼠对四棱豆养分的表观消化率。试验选用64只体重为(50±2.16)g三周龄SD大鼠,随机分为4个处理组,进行为期56 d的饲养试验。对照组大鼠饲喂基础日粮,3个试验组分别添加5%、15%、25%的四棱豆粉,试验结果表明,添加5%四棱豆粉的日粮能显著提高大鼠的采食量、日增重,有利于大鼠的生长发育(P0.05);各处理组肝脏、胰脏重量及脏器系数差异不显著(P0.05);添加5%四棱豆粉日粮组各营养成分消化率显著高于其他组(P0.05),添加25%四棱豆粉日粮组各营养成分消化率则有所下降(P0.05)。     

Detection of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Campylobacter</Emphasis> colonies using hyperspectral imaging

The presence of Campylobacter in foods of animal origin is the leading cause of bacterially induced human gastroenteritis. Isolation and detection of Campylobacter in foods via direct plating involves lengthy laboratory procedures including enrichments and microaerobic incubations, which take several days to a week. The incubation time for growing Campylobacter colonies in agar media usually takes 24–48 h. Oftentimes the problem is the difficulty of visually differentiating Campylobacter colonies from non-Campylobacter contaminants that frequently grow together with Campylobacter on many existing agars. In this study, a new screening technique using non-destructive and non-contact hyperspectral imaging was developed to detect Campylobacter colonies in Petri dishes. A reflectance spectral library of Campylobacter and non-Campylobacter contaminants was constructed for characterization of absorption features in wavelengths from 400 to 900 nm and for developing classification methods. Blood agar and Campy-Cefex agar were used as culture media. The study found that blood agar was the better culture medium than Campy-Cefex agar in terms of Campylobacter detection accuracy. Classification algorithms including single-band thresholding, band-ratio thresholding and spectral feature fitting were developed for detection of Campylobacter colonies as early as 24 h of incubation time. A band ratio algorithm using two bands at 426 and 458 nm chosen from continuum-removed spectra of the blood agar bacterial cultures achieved 97–99% of detection accuracy. This research has profound implications for early detection of Campylobacter colonies with high accuracy. Also, the developed hyperspectral reflectance imaging protocol is applicable to other pathogen detection studies.     

Attachment and biofilm formation by Escherichia coli O157:H7 at different temperatures, on various food-contact surfaces encountered in beef processing

Escherichia coli O157:H7 attached to beef-contact surfaces found in beef fabrication facilities may serve as a source of cross-contamination. This study evaluated E. coli O157:H7 attachment, survival and growth on food-contact surfaces under simulated beef processing conditions. Stainless steel and high-density polyethylene surfaces (2 × 5 cm) were individually suspended into each of three substrates inoculated (6 log CFU/ml or g) with E. coli O157:H7 (rifampicin-resistant, six-strain composite) and then incubated (168 h) statically at 4 or 15 °C. The three tested soiling substrates included sterile tryptic soy broth (TSB), unsterilized beef fat-lean tissue (1:1 [wt/wt]) homogenate (10% [wt/wt] with sterile distilled water) and unsterilized ground beef. Initial adherence/attachment of E. coli O157:H7 (0.9 to 2.9 log CFU/cm²) on stainless steel and high-density polyethylene was not affected by the type of food-contact surface but was greater (p < 0.05) through ground beef. Adherent and suspended E. coli O157:H7 counts increased during storage at 15 °C (168 h) by 2.2 to 5.4 log CFU/cm² and 1.0 to 2.8 log CFU/ml or g, respectively. At 4 °C (168 h), although pathogen levels decreased slightly in the substrates, numbers of adherent cells remained constant on coupons in ground beef (2.4 to 2.5 log CFU/cm²) and increased on coupons in TSB and fat-lean tissue homogenate by 0.9 to 1.0 and 1.7 to 2.0 log CFU/cm², respectively, suggesting further cell attachment. The results of this study indicate that E. coli O157:H7 attachment to beef-contact surfaces was influenced by the type of soiling substrate and temperature. Notably, attachment occurred not only at a temperature representative of beef fabrication areas during non-production hours (15 °C), but also during cold storage (4 °C) temperatures, thus, rendering the design of more effective sanitation programs necessary.