Cross-cultural universality of social-moral development: A critical review of Kohlbergian research.

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 97(3) of Psychological Bulletin (see record 2008-10967-001). The subheadings in Table 5 are incorrect and should be reversed. The first subheading should read "Countries for Which Studies Did Not Report Significant Differences," and the second subheading should read "Countries for Which Studies Did Report Statistically Significant Differences."] Reviews 45 cross-cultural studies of moral reasoning published from 1969 to 1984 to evaluate the empirical support for the primary empirical assumptions underlying the claim of L. Kohlberg (1971) that there is a cross-cultural universality of moral development. The assumptions underlying the claim are identified as culturally diverse samplings, universal and moral questions, invariant stage sequence, full range of stages, and general applicability of the stages. Findings support the underlying assumptions and identify some major caveats regarding the range and general applicability of the stages across cultures. Biases in favor of complex urban societies and middle-class populations are evident in the studies. It is suggested that sociocultural systems should be expected to vary in modal stage of usage and should also be understood as fully equal. A key to this position is to distinguish between society and culture and to bring a developmental perspective to both. (3 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

关于中国放射源管理的建议

1　放射性废物管理方面( 1 )应当建立一个国家级的废放射源管理战略。此战略应包括过去、现在和将来产生的所有放射性废物。此废物管理战略可以由国家指定的委员会来制订。该委员会可以包括来自主要废物的产生单位、废物管理机构和相应的审管部门的代表。此战略应当涵盖技术选择 (处理和处置 )和基础架构 (废物管理机构和基金 )。( 2 )放射性废物管理 ,包括废密封源管理。要求有专门的技术设施和特别训练的人员。为避免基础结构和人力资源重复设置 ,可以考虑单一的废物管理机构。该机构可设有区域性的分支机构 ,也可以设有专门的部门管理来…     

A risk approach to the management of boiler tube thinning

A large set of industrial thickness inspection data covering four boiler units of a power station over a period of five years was made available to the authors. The measurements were made in regions of the boiler where corrosion/erosion was the major cause of failure of the boiler tubes. There were over 40,000 separately measured data points in the data and all were collected with some care and expense.In the development of maintenance strategies for equipment, this type of data is typical of the data that must be collected and assessed. This data thus represents an opportunity to evaluate the ability to generate a useful risk approach to the management of the tubing.An important example of a risk-based approach is the American Petroleum Institute (API) Risk Based Inspection (“RBI”), API 581. A variety of problems were encountered applying this to boiler tubes. The problems include irrelevant API 581 corrosion rate tables, lack of information on how to analyse inspection data, difficulty of dealing with multiple inspection categories and lack of suitable direction for programming inspection intervals.     

Organochlorine Contaminants of Wintering Ducks Foraging on Detroit River Sediments

Organochlorine analysis was performed on carcasses of 13 diving ducks from a 1981 wintering population that foraged on contaminated sediments in the lower Detroit River. Mean total PCB concentrations were 10 mg/kg for seven lesser scaups (Aythya affinis), 11 mg/kg for three greater scaups (A. marila), and 7.6 mg/kg for three goldeneyes (Bucephala clangula). Highest mean levels of other residues were measured for hexachlorobenzene (1.7 mg/kg) in goldeneyes, and transnonachlor (0.33 mg/kg) and 4,4’-DDE (1.3 mg/kg) in greater scaup. Quantitative analysis of 72 PCB congeners also was applied to water, seston, sediment, benthie oligochaetes, and carp from the same site. Principal congeners in most of the samples included some of the more toxic and persistent PCBs. Results of a multivariate analysis indicated that ratios of more conservative to less conservative PCBs did not vary significantly among ducks (α = .05), but differed from those in carp, oligochaetes, and sediment. For the February through March period of fat mobilization, concentrations of total PCB in lipid were inversely correlated with percent lipid (r = 0.76) in ducks. The percentage of conservative PCBs increased slightly. The distribution and partitioning of organochlorines, including toxic PCB congeners, varied considerably within this water column-sediment-fauna ecosystem. Estimates of toxic exposure based on total PCB values may be unreliable.     

Stand and deliver

Poor service provision within the global software services industryis contributing to a profound rethink in many firms that offerinformation and technology services. Recent press reports suggestthat all but a few software providers are willing to committhe organisation and its resources to high volume high riskservice provision.     

Nanoindentation mapping of mechanical properties of cement paste and natural rocks

This paper reports a study to assess nanoindentation mapping of mechanical properties of cement paste and natural rocks. Initial work seems to show that mechanical property mapping by nanoindentation is feasible and can be related to microscopic information. Further work is however required on the effect of indent size and spacing. Such a testing technique can be very useful for materials with different phases to study the intrinsic properties of each component, and also the interaction and properties of the interfacial regions of different phases. The values of Young's modulus and hardness of the individual mineral phases were also determined by statistically analysing a large number of experimental data.     

All the Way Through: Testing for Authorship in Different Frequency Strata

This article describes the operation of two new tests of authorshipand offers some results. Both tests rely on controlled contrastsof word-frequency and both exclude the very common words, whichhave been put to such good use in recent years. One test treatsof words used with some consistency by a target-author but moresporadically by others. The second treats of words used sporadicallyby the target-author but not by most others. (The inclusionof words that some other authors use avoids the strict constraintthat has impoverished this form of evidence.) In suitable cases,both tests prove very accurate. The fact that evidence of authorshipcan be detected in these three distinct frequency-strata helpsto explain why such tests should work at all and so encouragesthe development of even better ones.