An Amidoalkylation of Trivalent Phosphorus Compounds with P(O)H Functions Including Acetic Acid Solutions of PCl3, RPCl2 or R2PCl,Diesters of Phosphorus Acid and Phosphorus-III-Acids

An amidoalkylation of PCl₃ or its organic derivatives in acetic acid solution takes place because equilibrium between AcOH and exist, leading to hydroxychlorophosphines. Those last compounds undergo an amidoalkylation like other nucleophiles. Based on these data, it was shown that an amidoalkylation reaction is usual for all phosphorus compounds with the R₂P(O)H system and provides derivatives with the functions. The scope and limitation of these reactions are discussed.     

Heavy Metal Adsorption Properties of Marine Algae Durvilliea Potatorum, Ecklonia Radiata and Laminaria Japonica

1 INTRODUCTIONBiosorption of heavy metals using biosorbents derived from suitable biomass is a new tech-nology for the removal and recovery of heavy metals from industrial waste waters.The ad-vantages of the biosorption technology include rapid reduction of dissolved heavy metal ionsconcentration to 10~(-6)and 10~(-9)levels,use of inexpensive and non-hazardous biosorbents,useof existing adsorption process equipment and therefore low operating costs,high uptake ca-pacity and specificity for selective heavy metal removals,and low interference from other     

Lessons Learned from the Studies of Roots Shaded from Direct Root Illumination

The root is the below-ground organ of a plant, and it has evolved multiple signaling pathways that allow adaptation of architecture, growth rate, and direction to an ever-changing environment. Roots grow along the gravitropic vector towards beneficial areas in the soil to provide the plant with proper nutrients to ensure its survival and productivity. In addition, roots have developed escape mechanisms to avoid adverse environments, which include direct illumination. Standard laboratory growth conditions for basic research of plant development and stress adaptation include growing seedlings in Petri dishes on medium with roots exposed to light. Several studies have shown that direct illumination of roots alters their morphology, cellular and biochemical responses, which results in reduced nutrient uptake and adaptability upon additive stress stimuli. In this review, we summarize recent methods that allow the study of shaded roots under controlled laboratory conditions and discuss the observed changes in the results depending on the root illumination status.     

Compositional verification of a distributed real-time arbitration protocol

A distributed real-time arbitration protocol is specified and verified using an assertional method. The formalism is based on classical Hoare triples which have been extended to deal with real-time properties. To verify design steps, a compositional proof system has been formulated for these extended triples. The intention of the protocol is to resolve contention between a number of concurrent modules that compete to acquire control of a common bus. Therefore our proof method has been adapted to deal with concurrent processes that communicate by means of a common bus. Compositionality makes it possible to verify the required properties of the protocol using only the specifications of the modules. Next we give a top-down derivation of a program implementing a module according to its real-time specification.     

One-pot synthesis of (E)-2-nonenal from castor oil

A one-step procedure for the preparation of (E)-2-nonenal from commercial castor oil by ozonolysis in acetic acid, followed by exposure of the resulting intermediate product top-toluene sulfonic acid, is described. The manufactured aldehyde is of high purity and the method, by virtue of being simple and using inexpensive raw material, has advantages over those reported in the literature.     

矿井灾害危险与防治措施效果评估模型

矿井自然灾害之间的相互影响及防治措施的应用效果评估对矿井安全生产具有很重要的意义。准确预测矿井灾害状态和防治措施的效果取决于对它们的详细描述，而提高其描写的准确性可采用模糊数学的方式。介绍了自然灾害和防治措施实施效果评估的模糊数学模型。     

Thallium in soils and stream sediments of a Zn-Pb mining and smelting area

Thallium was determined in 120 samples of soil and 30 samples of stream sediments from the southeastern part of the Silesian-Cracowian zinc-lead ore deposits. Soil samples were taken from topsoils (0.0-0.2 m) and bottom soils (0.8 and 1.0 m). Thallium was determined by flow-injection-differential-pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. The samples were decomposed sequentially with 73% hydrofluoric acid and a mixture of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The results showed that zinc-lead ore mining as well as their processing and smelting leads to a significant increase of thallium in the top layer of soil and in stream sediments. The highest recorded concentration was 150 ppm Tl for stream sediment and 35 ppm for a soil sample. Thallium concentration in small rivers from the investigated area was by 2 orders of magnitude higher than in the reference area. The highest recorded concentration being 3.24 microg L(-1).