Near-field scattered by a single nanoslit in a metal film

Using a scanning near-field optical microscope, we visualize, in three dimensions, the electromagnetic field distribution near an isolated slit aperture in a thin gold film. At the metal-air interface and for a TM incident polarization, we confirm some recently observed results and show that the slit generates two kinds of surface waves: a slowly decaying surface plasmon polariton and a quasi-cylindrical wave that decreases more rapidly when moving away from the slit. These waves are not generated for a TE incident polarization. In a noncontact mode, we also observe how the transmitted light diverges in free space. At a small distance from the slit (< 2 microm), we find that the emerging light spreads in all directions for TM, forming an electromagnetic cloud, whereas it is concentrated above the slit for TE, forming a more directive light jet. The experimental images are in good agreement with the numerical simulations.     

Exposure of workers in a mineral processing industry in Brazil

In Brazil there are many regions where the extraction mining and processing of ores containing elements of great economical importance as tin, niobium and tantalum. Some of these ores have uranium and thorium natural decay series associated. This study was carried out in a niobium mine, where is obtained concentrates of niobates-tantalates, cassiterite and zirconite. The aim of this study is the evaluation of the occupational exposure to uranium, thorium, niobium and tin through urine bioassay data. In order to have it, 105 urine samples were analysed: 17 samples of exposed workers collected after a working day, 49 samples of exposed workers collected before a working day and 39 samples of local non-exposed people, assigned as a control group. The samples were analysed by mass spectrometry. The obtained results showed that the average concentration of Nb, Sn and U in the exposed group is statistically higher than those found in the control group indicating an occupational exposure. For Th there were no statistically difference between the exposed and the control group.     

Fuzzy logic energy management for a microgrid with storage battery

ABSTRACT

This article presents the development of an energy management system using fuzzy logic applied to a microgrid that combines photovoltaic solar energy, wind energy and a storage system with batteries. The model was developed using LabVIEW software and allows to obtain performance results of the photovoltaic generator, the wind turbine and the battery bank. The energy management system can be controlled in real time to take advantage of existing weather conditions. The results indicate that the fuzzy logic system guarantees the continuous operation of the load through the energy resources of the microgrid. The designed microgrid allows to generate 63,288?kWh/year of photovoltaic solar energy and 40,175?kWh/year of wind energy.     

A cooperative-ARQ protocol with frame combining

This article presents a low coordination overhead cooperative Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) scheme with an integrated frame combiner, which exploits space diversity and cooperation between neighbouring nodes. A comparison between cooperation with and without frame combiner is also performed. In channels with a strong Line of Sight (LOS) component and low Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR), the efficiency of the proposed protocol is many times higher than for other ARQ schemes. For non-LOS scenarios, the cooperative ARQ without frame combiner achieves the best efficiency results, and the overhead introduced by the frame combiner mechanism leads to results that can be even below the classical ARQ mechanism. In AWGN channels, the saturation throughput of the proposed scheme integrated into a IEEE 802.11 DCF based MAC is also studied. When the number of active stations is high, the cooperative ARQ without frame combiner shows to be the best option, while for light network loads, the presented scheme performs better.     

基于BP神经网络的光纤激光切割切口粗糙度预测

为了研究工艺参量对光纤激光切割切口质量的影响,进行了切割T4003不锈钢试验,分析了工艺参量与切口质量之间的关系。采用基于误差反向传播算法的人工神经网络,建立了激光功率、切割速率、辅助气体压力等工艺参量与切口粗糙度之间的预测模型。对切割试验采集的训练样本进行了网络训练,并利用测试样本对训练模型进行验证。结果表明,随着激光功率增加,切口粗糙度增大;随着切割速率和辅助气体压力增加,切口粗糙度减小。神经网络预测模型精度较高,网络训练效果良好,预测值与试验样本值间的最大相对误差为2.4%。训练后检验精度较高,检验样本最大相对误差仅为6.23%。该模型可有效预测激光切割切口表面粗糙度,同时为合理选择及优化工艺参量,提高激光切割质量提供试验依据。     

Evolution of fatty acid contents in Garnacha and Viura musts during fermentation and the aging of wine

 The evolution of fatty acids during the fermentation of Vitis vinífera var. Garnacha and var. Viura musts as well as during the aging of the rosé and white wines produced from the said musts was studied. In Garnacha must, practically all the fatty acids were consumed, with the exception of the medium-chain fatty acids, by the time that 50% of the sugar was used up. During the second half of fermentation 80.1% of the fatty acids were consumed, with 28.8% of the remaining fatty acids being used up during aging. In Viura must, the total fatty acid concentration declined 46.9% during the first half of fermentation (first 50% of sugar), most noteworthy was the high consumption of unsaturated large-chain fatty acids (72.3%); during the second half of fermentation, 77.2% of the fatty acids were used, with high consumption of the large-chain saturated and unsaturated acids. During the aging of wine, medium-chain fatty acids were excreted and a small amount of unsaturated acids was consumed. Received: 3 March 1997 / Revised version: 21 July 1997     

Fatty acid composition of meat from typical lamb production systems of Spain, United Kingdom, Germany and Uruguay

The fatty acid composition of commercial lambs from different production systems of Spain, Germany, United Kingdom and of two types of Uruguayan lambs (heavy and light) was studied. Concentrate fed lambs, as Spanish lambs, displayed the highest proportions of linoleic acid (C18:2), while Uruguayan lambs, reared under extensive grazing conditions, showed the highest proportions of linolenic acid (C18:3), due to the great concentration of this fatty acid in grass. German and British lambs, which were fed grass and concentrate, displayed intermediate proportions of linolenic acid (C18:3). Heavy Uruguayan lambs had higher intramuscular fat content (5.92%) than German (4.25%) and British (4.32%) lambs, and this content was twofold higher than light lambs (Spanish (2.41%) and light Uruguayan (3.05%)). Heavy Uruguayan, German and British lambs had a low polyunsaturated/saturated (P/S) ratio due to their high saturated fatty acid (SFA) content and proportion. Principal component analysis was performed to study the relationship between fatty acids. Spanish lambs were clearly separated from the other types and were situated close to the proportions of short chain and n-6 fatty acids and n-6/n-3 ratio in the data plot for fatty acid proportions. Light Uruguayan lambs were located close to long chain fatty acids, and heavy Uruguayan and British lambs were placed near the antithrombotic potential (ATT), stearic acid (C18:0), SFA and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) proportions. German lambs were located between Spanish lambs and the other types.     

螺旋槽加工用成型刀具的绿色设计制造方法

采用数字化设计方法实现螺旋槽加工用成型刀具的绿色设计制造,依据螺旋槽加工过程中螺旋槽接触点的公法线与成型刀具回转面相交的条件,求出成型刀具齿形.在此基础上采用可转位式盘形铣刀结构对螺旋槽进行加工,根据齿形特点用常规方形硬质合金刀片的刃线作为拟合齿形轮廓的直线.在AutoCAD软件中采用图解法确定刀片在刀体的安装位置.利...     

低温台温度场分布的理论和实验研究

低温显微镜是生物材料低温保存研究中的重要工具之一。低温台上热电偶的布置位置和样品的体积都能影响测温的准确性。对低温台温度场的分布情况进行了数值模拟,并通过实验验证。分析结果表明：可以利用布置在盖玻片上表面的热电偶测温数据推算实验样品层的温度,样品层温度在水平方向上是基本均匀的。