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151.
S. Akkarachaneeyakorn J.C. Laguerre J. Tattiyakul B. Neugnot P. Boivin F.J. Morales I. Birlouez-Aragon 《Journal of food science》2010,75(4):E201-E207
ABSTRACT: To produce specialty malt, malts were roasted by combined microwave–hot air at various specific microwave powers (SP = 2.5 to 3 W/g), microwave heating times (tmw = 3.3 to 3.5 min), oven temperatures (Toven = 180 to 220 °C), and oven heating times (toven = 60 to 150 min). The response variables, color, energy consumption by microwave (Emw) and oven (Eoven), total energy consumption (Etot), quantity of neo-formed contaminants (NFCs), which include hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, furan, and acrylamide were determined. Response surface methodology (RSM) was performed to analyze and predict the optimum conditions for the specialty malt. Production using combined microwave–hot air roasting process based on minimum energy consumption and level of NFCs. At 95% confident level, SP, Toven, and toven were the most influencing effects with regard to Etot, whereas tmw did not affect Etot. Toven and toven significantly affected malt color. Only Toven significantly influenced the NFCs content. The optimum parameters were: SP = 2.68 W/g for 3.44 min, Toven = 206 °C for 136 min for coffee malt, SP = 2.5 W/g for 3.48 min, Toven = 214 °C for 136 min for chocolate malt, and SP = 2.5 W/g for 3.48 min, Toven = 211 °C for 150 min for black malt. Comparing with conventional process, combined microwave–hot air reduced Etot by approximately 40%, 26%, and 26% for coffee, chocolate, and black malts, respectively, and reduced HMF, furfural, furan, and acrylamide contents by 40%, 18%, 23%, and 95%, respectively, for black malt. Practical Application: An important goal for research institutions and the brewery industry is to produce colored malt by combining microwave and hot air roasting, while saving energy, getting desirable color, and avoiding the formation of carcinogenic and toxic neo-formed contaminants (NFCs). Therefore, one objective of this study was to compare energy consumption and content of NFCs during roasting of malt by hot air-only and combined microwave–hot air processes as well as to determine the effect of specific power, microwave processing time, oven temperature, and oven processing time during combined microwave–hot air roasting. Another objective was to predict the optimum conditions for the production of coffee, chocolate, and black malts. 相似文献
152.
Eduardo A Ponzio Ricardo Echevarria Gustavo M Morales Cesar Barbero 《Polymer International》2001,50(11):1180-1185
Free‐standing films of polyaniline (PANI), in an emeraldine base state, prepared by evaporation of polymer solutions in N‐methylpyrrolidone (NMP) retain solvent even under dynamic vacuum drying as indicated by transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, where a band at 1670 cm?1 is clearly observed. Upon protonation–deprotonation cycles in aqueous media the weight of the dry base film decreases indicating gradual loss of NMP. Transmission FTIR spectra shows also the washing out of NMP with a clear decrease in intensity of the hydrogen‐bonded >C?O stretching band (1670 cm?1) of NMP. During this process the bands between 3500 and 3200 cm?1, assigned to >N? H stretching in the PANI backbone, change intensity suggesting that intermolecular hydrogen‐bonded >N? H, with carbonyl oxygen of NMP, is replaced by free >N? H. This is clear evidence of specific interaction of NMP with the emeraldine base. A similar loss of NMP is observed during heating but evidence of polymer degradation is also present. A mechanism is proposed to account for the loss of hydrogen‐bonding ability upon protonation which requires delocalization of the radical cations in the protonated films. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
153.
S. García‐Hernández G. Solorio‐Diaz J. A. Ramos‐Banderas J. de J. Barreto R. D. Morales 《国际钢铁研究》2009,80(4):256-263
A mathematical model was developed to study the significance of the fluid dynamics of vortex formation in tundish operations. The aim is to contribute to the fundamental understanding of vortex formation and related phenomena. For this purpose a typical slab tundish was employed; the mathematical model was solved using FLUENT® commercial software capable to simulate highly turbulent flows. The well known k‐? turbulence model was applied to compute this effect in the process. The mathematical simulations confirmed the results from a water analogue model. The vortex formation is directly related to the highly turbulent flows present in the reactor. Great changes in velocity fields during short times and large distances between the upper edge of the dam and the free surface of the bath enhance the formation of vortex flows. 相似文献
154.
S. Lopez-Ramirez R. D. Morales J. A. Romero Serrano 《Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications》2013,63(1):69-85
Fluid flow and heat transfer of liquid steel in a tundish of a continuous slab caster was numerically simulated. The importance of natural flow convection was established through a dimensionless number given by the ratio Gr/Re2. Buoyancy forces proved to be as important as inertial ones, especially in the extremes of the tundish far from the entering liquid jet. The usual flow control devices like weirs and dams were not as effective as turbulence inhibitors, a kind of impact pad with lips, interior squared angles, and a square cross section. The simulations indicated that this device helps to decrease fluid turbulence in the zone of the entering liquid jet and has damping effects of step inputs of cold or hot steel, allowing for better control of the casting temperature. 相似文献
155.
Julian Canto-Perello Jorge Curiel-Esparza Vicente Calvo 《Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research》2009,24(2):185-189
Utilities are an integral component of the total transportation network comprising highways, railways, airways, and waterways, as well as pipelines, wires, and cables that transport people, goods, and public services. The perennial dilemma of mutual interference between utility lines and transportation networks could be minimised making use of utility tunnel systems. Utilidors most striking feature is that they house several types of power, water, sewage, communications, gas and other statutory services in an easily accessible space. Placing utilities in tunnels under public rights-of-way reduces the continual cutting of pavements resulting from utility burial practices and facilitates the installation, inspection, replacement, and maintenance operations. Utility tunnels and transportation networks may not be compatible at transmission levels. Highway systems are generally planned to avoid high-density areas insofar as is possible. However, where the location of utility networks coincides sufficiently with the highway routes, the situation becomes more favourable to the utility tunnel concept. This paper discusses how compatibility of utility system networks with highway system networks could be greatly improved by appropriate attention to utilidor systems in urban planning. A sustainable approach to the dilemma of where to locate utilities in urban streets and highways has become urgent as the need for services expands in our modern cities. Interference between the safety and flow of highway traffic and utility tunnel operation could be a problem unless adequate measures are undertaken. 相似文献
156.
BF3 was co-condensed with (C2H5)2O, (CF3CH2)2O, and (C2F5)2O in excess argon at 15 K. Infrared spectra of the matrices showed a definite Lewis acid-base interaction between BF3 and diethyl ether; a weak but definite interaction with bis(2,2,2,-trifluorodiethyl)ether, and no observable interaction with perfluorodiethyl ether. Molecular orbital (MO) calculations complemented the experimental observations by revealing that fluorine atoms on the ethers decreased electron localization about the oxygen atom. Thus, the experimental data and MO calculations indicated a clear trend between strength of interaction with BF3 and the degree of ether F substitution. The implications of the results for commercial perfluoro ether lubricant/metal oxide surface interactions are discussed. 相似文献
157.
Julian Salas Marina Alvarez Gabriel Gomez Janer Veras 《Building Research & Information》2013,41(6):367-376
In a previous issue the Instituto Eduardo Torroja in Spain described the development of lightweight panels made from ordinary Portland cement and rice husk ash (RHA). This paper discusses the crucial effect of the curing régime on compressive strength with temperatures maintained at 30C and relative humidity at 80 percent. 相似文献
158.
Congling Yin Guobao Li Tounan Jin Julian Tao James W. Richardson Chun-K. Loong Fuhui Liao Jianhua Lin 《Journal of Alloys and Compounds》2010,489(1):152-156
A new compound Ba5Sn1.1Mn3.9O15 has been synthesized at 1300 °C by solid-state reaction. The structure was characterized by X-ray, electron and neutron diffraction methods. Ba5Sn1.1Mn3.9O15 crystallizes in hexagonal space group P63/mmc with a = 5.717 Å and c = 23.534 Å. The magnetic measurement reveals that Ba5Sn1.1Mn3.9O15 has a spin glass transition at 7 K. 相似文献
159.