In-Operation Monitoring of the Soot Load of Diesel Particulate Filters: Initial Tests

Diesel particulate filters (DPF) are indispensable parts of modern automotive exhaust gas aftertreatment systems due to the stringent emissions legislation. For a fuel-efficient control strategy, it would be beneficial to determine directly and in-operation their actual trapped soot mass. Two novel approaches—based on the electrical conductivity of trapped soot particles—emerged recently. By measuring the electrical resistance between different single walls inside the filter, the soot load is determined with local resolution. The microwave-based technique is a contactless approach that gives an integral value depending on the soot mass in the DPF. We present investigations on loading and regeneration of DPFs in a dynamometer test bench applying both methods. The results are compared with each other and correlated with the differential pressure and the soot mass. Especially the microwave-based technique has a potential for serial application.     

Effects of Volatile Compounds Emitted by Protea Species (Proteaceae) on Antennal Electrophysiological Responses and Attraction of Cetoniine Beetles

Evolutionary shifts in pollination systems within a plant genus are commonly associated with changes in floral scent, reflecting selection mediated through the sensory systems of various pollinators. The most common cetoniine beetle pollinator of grassland Protea species in South Africa, Atrichelaphinis tigrina, previously has been shown to have a strong preference for the fruity floral scent of these plants over the weak scent of their bird-pollinated congeners. However, it is not known which of the many compounds found in the scent of beetle pollinated Protea species play a role for pollinator attraction. Electroantennograms (EAG) from A. tigrina beetles were recorded in response to 15 compounds emitted by Protea flower heads. EAG responses to all 15 compounds were significantly greater than those to the paraffin solvent in which they were diluted. The greatest responses were observed for aromatics (anisole, methyl benzoate, methyl salicylate, benzaldehyde) followed by the monoterpene β-linalool, which can comprise up to 66 % of fruity Protea scents. Five compounds that elicited EAG responses (benzaldehyde, β-linalool, (E/Z)-linalool oxide (furanoid), methyl benzoate, and methyl salicylate) were tested in commercially available yellow bucket traps in the field to test their attractiveness to beetles. Traps baited with methyl benzoate, β-linalool, (E/Z)-linalool oxide (furanoid), and methyl salicylate caught significantly more insects than did those containing paraffin only. Methyl benzoate also was more specifically attractive to A. tigrina than was (E/Z)-linalool oxide (furanoid) and paraffin baited controls. A second field experiment using a combination of linalool vs. paraffin baited yellow or green traps showed that trap color had a significant effect on the number of trapped beetles. Yellow traps yielded a ten-fold higher number of insect catches than did green traps. However, the combination of yellow color and the scent compound linalool yielded the highest number of catches. This study has shown that the cetoniine beetle A. tigrina can detect a variety of floral compounds and is attracted to compounds comprising a large proportion of the blend that makes up fruity Protea scents, adding support for the hypothesis that change in scent chemistry during the shift from bird to cetoniine beetle pollination in this genus were mediated by beetle sensory preferences.     

Thermal degradation characteristic of Tetra Pak panel boards under inert atmosphere

hermal degradation characteristics of Tetra Pak panel boards (TPPB) can be useful to improve usage of such panels as an alternative to wood-based products such as plywood, fiberboard, and particleboard. In the study, samples from the TPBBs manufactured from waste Tetra Pak packages (WTPP) were heated in a nitrogen atmosphere at different heating rates (10, 15 and 20 °C/min) using a thermal analysis system. The Coats-Redfern kinetic model was applied to calculate kinetic parameters. The degradation rate equations were then established. In addition, the kinetic compensation effect (KCE) was used to correlate the pre-exponential factor (k _o ) with activation energy (E _a ) and the existence of the KCE was accepted. TG-FT/IR analyses were applied to the TPPB degradation and then the FT-IR stack plot was used to analyze gas products (CO₂, CH₄, HCOOH, and CH₃OH). Infrared vibrational frequencies and the micro, crystal structure of the TPPBs were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD), respectively.     

Impacts of Refining and Antioxidants on the Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Oxidative Stability of Watermelon Seed Oil

Compositional analyses of seeds from two cultivars (Mateera and Sugar baby) was performed to evaluate their suitability as oilseeds. Watermelon seeds and kernels contained 21.9–25.5 % and 38.9–46.9 % oil of exceptionally high quality. The crude oil was expelled with a screw press and then refined to obtain a odor free and colorless oil. The moisture content, unsaponifiable matter content, refractive index, and specific gravity were within the narrow ranges. Refining influenced the color, acid value, saponification value, peroxide value, and free fatty acid contents. Linoleic acid (C18:2) was the principal fatty acid constituting 64.5–67.2 % of the total fatty acids. Oxidative stability increased with the addition of tocopherols, butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA), and tert-butyl hydroxyl quinine (TBHQ). The high amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) along with physicochemical properties were similar to soybeans, sunflower and other common vegetable oils, suggesting the suitabilty of watermelon seed oil for industrial production.     

Synthesis and Self-assembling Properties of 2,2′:6′,2″-Terpyridine-Based Carbon Nanotube Coordination Polymers

A novel metallo-supramolecular polytopic ligand was synthesized from the attachment reaction involving an amino group-functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotube and 4-chloro-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine used for the preparation of metallo-supramolecular polymers with Co(II) or Ni(II) ions. Different colors were observed depending on either the ligands or the metal ions in this type of supramolecular assembly. The created supramolecular polymers were characterized by means of structure, morphology, and stimuli-responsive performance employing scanning electron microscopy, amperometric techniques, UV–Vis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. UV–Vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry studies confirmed that both the optical and electrochemical properties of metallo-supramolecular materials are affected by the substituent at the pyridine periphery.     

Effect of conductive layer on the performance of gel electrolyte-based supercapacitors

Solid-state electrolytes such a further novel finding is going to have great importance because of the disadvantages of liquid electrolytes such as electrochemical instability, low ion selectivity, and interface contact. It is anticipated that the use of solid-state electrolytes including supercapacitors (SCs) will become widespread with decreasing self-leakage and environmental damage more than liquid electrolytes. In this study, SCs with graphene/PEDOT: PSS coated electrodes and binary PVA gel electrolytes with a conductive layer were designed and the electrochemical performance of the configurations was characterized. The effects of the conductive layer between binary electrolytes and the concentration of the KOH solution in the electrolytes were studied. It was observed that the conductive layer used between the gel electrolytes causes additional charging at the electrolyte/conductive layer interface and behaves like a serially connected capacitor to the double-layer capacitor. Interestingly, at a slow sweep rate (5 mV/s), the specific capacitance values of the assembled SCs decreased when a conductive layer was used but it increased when the sweep rate was fast (100 mV/s).     

Trans Fat Supplementation Increases UV-Radiation-Induced Oxidative Damage on Skin of Mice

We evaluated the influence of fish oil (FO, rich in n-3 FA), soybean oil (SO, rich in n-6 FA) and hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF, rich in trans FA) on the oxidative status and viability of skin cells of mice exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Mice were supplemented with FO, SO or HVF for three months and exposed to UVR (2.72 mJ/cm²) for 2 days. One day after the last UVR session, the FO group showed higher levels of n-3 fatty acids (FA), while the HVF showed higher incorporation of trans FA (TFA) in dorsal skin. UVR increased lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl levels of the HVF and to a lesser extent of the control and SO groups. Although all irradiated groups showed increased skin thickness, this increase was slighter in FO mice. UVR exposure reduced skin cell viability of the control, SO and HVF groups, while FO prevented this. Catalase activity was reduced independently of the supplementation and SOD level was increased in C and FO groups after UVR exposure; FO prevented the UVR-induced increase in glutathione levels, which was observed in skin of the control, SO and HVF mice. Our results showed the beneficial effects of FO supplementation, as well as the harmful effects of trans FA, whose intensity can increase vulnerability to skin diseases.     

The adsorption behavior of cesium on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide/itaconic acid) copolymeric hydrogels

In this study, N-isopropylacrylamide/itaconic acid (NIPAAm/IA) hydrogels prepared by irradiating with γ radiation were used in experiments on cesium ion adsorption. The cesium ion adsorption capacity of the hydrogels was investigated as a function of Cs⁺ concentration, pH and temperature. The adsorption behavior of cesium was evaluated by using the radiotracer method. The adsorption isotherm models were applied to the experimental data, and it was seen that Freundlich isotherm explained the adsorption better than Langmuir isotherm. Two simplified kinetic models including pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equation were selected to follow the adsorption processes. The Cs⁺ adsorption could be best described by the pseudo-first-order equation. The thermodynamic parameters including ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° for adsorption processes of Cs⁺ on the hydrogel were also calculated, and the negative ΔH° and ΔG° confirmed that the adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous.     

Der Turbogenerator mit supraleitender Erregerwicklung im transienten Betrieb

Übersicht Die weitgehende Verwendung nichtmagnetischer Werkstoffe beim Bau von Turbogeneratoren mit supraleitender Erregerwicklung erfordert die Erarbeitung neuer theoretischer Grundlagen zur Vorausberechnung des Betriebsverhaltens. Mit Hilfe der Raumzeigerdarstellung wird ein den dynamischen Betrieb beschreibendes Differentialgleichungssystem für ein vereinfachtes mathematisches Modell der Maschine abgeleitet.

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Contents The prevalent application of nonmagnetic materials in construction of turbine generators with superconducting field windings demands the development of new theoretical fundamentals for the predetermination of the operational behaviour. Using the definition of space vectors, for a simplified mathematical model of a generator a set of differential equations is presented, suitable for the calculation of transient performance.

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Verzeichnis der verwendeten Symbole a Augenblickswert des Strombelags - g ganze Zahl - i Augenblickswert des Stromes - j imaginäre Einheit - J polares Massenträgheitsmoment - l Länge des geraden Wicklungsteils - L Eigeninduktivität - m Augenblicksert des Drehmoments - M Kopplungsinduktivität - P Grundwellenpolpaarzahl - r radiale Koordinate, Radius - R ohmscher Widerstand - u Augenblickswert der Spannung - v Augenblickswert des Vektorpotentials - W _Spl Spulenweite, bezogen auf den mittleren Radius der Ständerwicklung - z axiale Koordinate - Z in Reihe geschaltete Leiter, Stabzahl der Käfigwicklung - räumlicher Winkel - Bogenkoordinate - ₀ magnetische Feldkonstante - natürliche Zahl - Ordnungszahl - v₁ vorzeichenbehaftete Ordnungszahl - natürliche Zahl - Wicklungsfaktor im geraden Wicklungsteil - _p1 Polteilung, bezogen auf den mittleren Radius der Ständerwicklung - Augenblickswert des magnetischen Flusses - Augenblickswert der magnetischen Flußverkettung - 1 Ständerwicklung - 2 Erregerwicklung - 3 Dämpferwicklung - a außen - A Strang A - b Belastung - B Strang B - C Strang C - d Längsachse - i innen - J Joch - m mechanisch - o Oberschicht, oben - q Querachse - s Strombelag - St Stab - u Unterschicht, unten - natürliche Zahl - Ordnungszahl - v₁ vorzeichenbehfaftete Ordnungszahl - natürlich Zahl Der Verfasser dankt Herrn Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. W. Lorenzen, Lehrstuhl und Laboratorium für Elektrische Maschinen und Geräte, TU München, für die Anregung und Förderung, dieser Arbeit. Sie dient als Voruntersuchung zum Thema Elektrische Grenzleistungssynchrongeneratoren mit supraleitender Erregerwicklung im Rahmen des Schwerpunktprogramms Neue Elektrische Antriebe der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bad Godesberg.     

Die Läufererwärmung beim dynamischen Betrieb von Käfiganker-Asynchronmaschinen

Übersicht Ausgehend von einem vereinfachten, thermischen Modell des Läufers werden die Systemgleichungen abgeleitet. Die Läuferstaberwärmung wird am Beispiel des dynamischen Hochlaufs einer ausgeführten Maschine berechnet.

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Contents Basing on a simplified heat flow diagram of a squirrel-cage rotor a set of differential equations is presented, which describe the dynamic behaviour of the motor. The heating of the rotor bars is calculated for an existing machine.

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Verzeichnis der verwendeten Symbole

Symbole a Nutschlitzhöhe - a Dreher um 120° - b Breite - C Kapazität, Drehfederzahl - D Bohrungsdurchmesser - g ganze Zahl - h Höhe - i Augenblickswert des Stromes - I Massenträgheitsmoment - j Dreher um 90° - k natürliche Zahl - l Länge, Selbstinduktionskoeffizient - L Induktivität - m Drehmoment, Gegeninduktionskoeffizient - M Gegeninduktivität - n ganze Zahl - p Polpaarzahl - q Nutenzahl je Pol und Strang - R, Widerstand - s Nutschlitzbreite - t Zeit - u Augenblickswert der Spannung - Windungszahl - z Nutenzahl - Temperaturkoeffizient oder Winkel - magnetischer Luftspaltleitwert - Temperatur oder Bogenkoordinate - Ordnungszahl oder magnetischer Streuleitwert - Nummer eines Läuferstabes oder magnetischer Leitwert - Wicklungsfaktor - Streukoeffizient - Drehschub oder Teilung - verketteter magnetischer Fluß Indizes o bezogen auf das System 3facher Polpaarzahl - a Anfangswert - A Außen, Arbeitsmaschine - A Strangbezeichnung im Ständer - B Strangbezeichnung im Ständer - C Strangbezeichnung im Ständer - (AS) A-Seite des Motors - (BS) B-Breite des Motors - dv doppelt verkettet - E Eisen - g geometrisch - ges gesamt - I, i Innen - i ideell - Im Imaginärteil - i, k, n natürliche Zahlen zur Teilstabbezeichnung - L Läufer oder Luft - M Motor - N Nut oder Netz - R Kurzschlußring, Reibung - Re Realteil - S Ständer oder Schwungmasse - St Stab - Schr Schrägung - th thermisch - T Torsion - U Umgebung - W Wicklung oder Welle - Streugröße - natürliche Zahl Der Verfasser dankt Herrn Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. W. Lorenzen (Inhaber des Lehrstuhls elektrische Maschinen und Geräte im Institut für Energietechnik der TU München) für die Anregung und Förderung dieser Arbeit und Herrn Dr.-Ing. H. Fürsich (wissenschaftlicher Assistent am Lehrstuhl für elektrische Maschinen und Geräte im Institut für Energietechnik der TU München) für die Unterstützung bei der numerischen Auswertung. Diese Arbeit ist ein Auszug aus der Dissertation des Verfassers.