MOLECULAR PRINCIPLE OF CORRESPONDING STATES FOR VISCOSITY AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF FLUID MIXTURES

Conformal solution theory is developed for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of fluid mixtures. The procedure involves expanding the transport coefficient for the mixture about the value for an ideal solution, using groupings of the potential parameters and molecular mass as expansion coefficients. The parameters for the ideal solution are chosen so as to annul the first-order term in this expansion, thus encouraging rapid convergence. This yields mixing rules (similar to those of the van der Waals 1 theory for thermodynamic properties) for the potential parameters and molecular mass of the reference fluid. Reference fluid properties are obtained from pure fluid corresponding states correlations

By making calculations for dilute gas mixtures and comparing with Chapman-Enskog theory, it is found that the first-order theory works well for mixtures of quite widely different energy parameters (ε) and molecular masses; it is more sensitive to the size difference of the molecular components, however. For cryogenic liquid mixtures composed of simple liquids good results are obtained using two-parameter corresponding states for the reference fluid. For polyatomic fluids it is necessary to use a three-parameter corresponding states approach for the pure fluids. A method of introducing a third parameter, while retaining the simplicity of having only two independent variables, is used for such fluids. Good results are obtained for a variety of binary mixtures. The method is of particular value for multicomponent fluids. Thus, without fitting any parameters from ternary data the theory predicts viscosities for the system carbon tetrachloride/n-hexane/benzene over the full composition range with a standard deviation of only 1.69%.     

Dietary effect of a symmetrical triacylglycerol, 1,3-biseicosapentaenoyl-2-γ-linolenoyl glycerol, on fatty acid composition of guinea pigs

The dietary effect of 1,3-biseicosapentaenoyl-2-γ-linolenoyl glycerol (STG) on the fatty acid composition of guinea pigs was examined and compared with that of an eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA-F) and of a soybean oil (SBO) diet. In terms of content of plasma lipid, EPA-E had a greater hypolipidemic effect than STG. On the other hand, in terms of EPA incorporation, contents of EPA in liver lipid were almost the same in the STG and EPA-E groups. Considering that the amount of EPA administered in the EPA-E group was almost 1.5 times that of the STG group, FPA may be absorbed more effectively as the glycerol ester than as the ethyl ester in guinea pigs. In all the tissue lipids, the STG group had a higher unsaturation index (UI) than the EPA-E group even though there is a lower UI in the STG diet than the EPA-E diet. These results suggest that greater amounts of desaturase products as a whole were synthesized in the STG group than in the other two groups. The dihomo-γ-linolenic acid/arachidonic acid (DGLA/AA) ratio in plasma total lipids in the STG group was 3.5 times that of SBO group, and the DGLA/AA ratio in the EPA-E group was half that of the SBO group. In liver lipid, the ratios of DGLA/AA and EPA/AA in the STG group were 0.687 and 0.488 (phosphatidylcholine fraction) and 0.237 and 0.752 (phosphatidylethanolamine fraction), respectively. The ratio of DGLA/AA as well as the high EPA/AA ratio obtained in the present study with the STG diet may lead to physiological alterations, including enhanced synthesis of 1-and 3-series eicosanoids.     

The polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole in the presence of carbon black

In order to obtain more detailed information on the mechanism of the polymerization of N-vinyl-carbazole (N-VC) in the presence of carbon black, a comparison of the rates of conversion under various conditions was made and the following results were obtained. The phenolic hydroxyl groups on the surface of carbon black were found to have an ability to initiate the polymerization, and an increase in dielectric constant of the solvent increased the rate of polymerization. Using the mixture of N-VC and comonomers such as styrene or methyl methacrylate, we found that styrene gives a copolymer with N-VC, while methyl methacrylate gives no copolymer during the early stage of polymerization. The phenomena observed here indicate that the nature of polymerization of N-VC initiated by carbon black is cationic.     

Studies on Nonmetals During Irradiation: V, Growth and Decay of Color Centers in Barium Aluminoborate Glasses Containing Cerium

The radiation-induced absorption of a group of barium aluminoborate glasses was studied in a new facility for measuring optical absorption during irradiation with γ-rays. The results demonstrate that this technique provides significant new information on the kinetics of the radiation-induced coloring of glasses and suggest that most previous measurements are, at best, suspect. Barium aluminoborate glasses, both with and without Ce, were prepared under normal and reducing conditions. The coloring during irradiation and the decay after irradiation can be characterized by the absorption at 3.0 e V and at 2.25 or 1.90 e V. The Ce-free base glass continued to color as long as irradiated and, at a given dose, the absorption was at least 2 or 3 times that of the other glasses. The totally reduced 1% Ce glass colored to a constant level in the uv, but in the visible the coloring increased to a maximum and then decreased to a constant value. The partially reduced 1% Ce glass also colored to a constant value in the uv, but in the visible the original absorption decreased slightly. All the coloring curves recorded during irradiation are described accurately by expressions that include one or more increasing saturating exponential terms and may contain one linear or one decreasing saturating exponential term. After irradiation the coloring curves decrease and can be resolved accurately into one or more decreasing exponential components. Futhermore, all the observed coloring-curve features were derived from relatively simple kinetics.     

Oxidative coupling of methane over CaO-MgO mixed oxide

Mixed oxide catalyst prepared by co-precipitating magnesium oxide and calcium oxide showed an excellent activity for the oxidative coupling of methane. The high performances were presumed to arise from the high basicity of the mixed oxide.     

Reciprocating flow ion exchange part II: Application to saline water softening

The “hardness” components in sea water can be considerably reduced by means of a new economical fixed bed technique called “Reciprocating Flow Ion Exchange”, when used in conjunction with a closed cycle exchanger-evaporator system. Removal of 87.9% of the calcium and 54.5% of the magnesium in sea water has been obtained with an overall flow rate of 5.0 U. S. g. p. m./sq. ft. Results from bench scale and a 5,000 g. p. d. pilot plant were identical. The virtually continuous cyclic steady-state process requires a small amount of exchanger (0.5 to 2% of the usual ion exchange methods, such as conventional fixed beds or fluidized beds). The effects of variation in operating parameters are discussed.