The effect of cooking on Brassica vegetables

Assessing antioxidant intake requires a food antioxidant database. However, cooking may affect antioxidant content due to antioxidant release, destruction or creation of redox-active metabolites. Here, effects of boiling, steaming and microwaving of broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage and choy-sum (Chinese cabbage) were explored by measuring antioxidant contents of raw and cooked vegetables. Cooking water was also tested. For all cooked vegetables, antioxidant content was highest in steamed > boiled > microwaved, and decreased with longer cooking time, regardless of method. All steamed vegetables had higher antioxidant contents than had matching raw vegetables. Effects were variable for boiling and microwaving. Microwaving caused greater antioxidant loss into cooking water than did boiling. Marked losses of anitoxidants occurred in microwaved cabbage and spinach. To assess food antioxidant content/intake accurately, cooking effects need detailed study. Steaming may be the cooking method of choice to release/conserve antioxidants. The cooking water is a potentially rich source of dietary antioxidants.     

Effect of strongly competing background compounds on the kinetics of trace organic contaminant desorption from activated carbon

Strongly competing (SC) compounds, naturally found in any drinking water source, are known to decrease the adsorption capacity of activated carbon for trace contaminants. While the effect of these substances on the capacity and adsorption kinetics of trace contaminants is fairly well studied, relatively little is known about their impact on desorption kinetics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between SC matter and trace compound desorption kinetics. A surrogate SC compound, 1,4-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB), was used to displace the preadsorbed target trace contaminant, atrazine, from powdered activated carbon (PAC). The initial concentrations of p-DCB and atrazine were varied to achieve different degrees of competition to atrazine. Atrazine's desorption diffusion coefficient was found to increase with increasing adsorbed concentration of the SC matter, expressed as an equivalent background compound (EBC).The EBC was modeled with atrazine-like adsorption properties, thus representing the portion of p-DCB that competed to occupy atrazine adsorption sites. The increase in atrazine diffusion rate can be explained by a shift from surface diffusion to diffusion through the carbon's pores as the availability of surface sites decreased due to the EBC's competition. The observed desorption kinetic relationship was consistent with the effect of SC competition on adsorption kinetics; further, the effect was consistent for three different types of SC matter. These findings highlight that the impact of SC matter on activated carbon applications could be either detrimental (displacing adsorbed trace contaminants and enhancing their rate of release) or beneficial (offsetting pore constriction effects by enhancing their rate of uptake).     

Preparation and Characterization of an Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Skin Gelatin and Polylactic Acid Bilayer Film

Olive flounder skin gelatin (OSG) was used as a film base material. A bilayer film of OSG and polylactic acid (PLA) was prepared using solvent casting method to enhance the film properties. Physical properties of the OSG–PLA film were increased compared with the nonaugmented OSG film. In particular, the PLA lamination decreased water vapor permeability from 2.17 to 0.92 × 10^?9 g·m/m²·s·Pa, as well as of the water solubility from 16.62% to 9.27%, in the bilayer film relative to the OSG film. The oxygen permeability of the OSG–PLA bilayer film was held low by the OSG film, compensating for the high oxygen permeability of the PLA layer. Therefore, the OSG–PLA bilayer film with its enhanced physical properties and high water and oxygen barrier properties can be applied as a food packaging material.     

遥感新技术的若干进展及其应用

概述了高光谱遥感、微波遥感、激光雷达和偏振探测等遥感新技术的特点，并在此基础上，综述了这些新技术在地质、海洋、大气、农业、环境、测绘等领域的应用现状。     

基于因素分解与总量控制的区域社会经济用水分析

考虑到经济产业结构调整和用水效率控制对社会水循环过程调控的重要性,以江苏沿海开发区域内的盐城市为研究区,根据其社会经济现状与发展计划、水资源开发利用战略与目标、节水型社会建设规划方案等实际情况,采用水资源利用驱动因素分析法和数学规划解析法相结合的手段,建立了纳入驱动因素分解效应量化值的非线性规划模型,计算了2010-2015年研究区基于用水总量控制的社会经济发展规模、产业结构比例及其用水效率的合理方案。最后,根据计算成果,分析了研究区产业结构、用水定额、经济水平与人口规模四个因素对区域用水总量变化的影响。     

C5抽余液选择性加氢工艺研究

通过对C5抽余液选择性加氢的工艺条件试验,考察了入口温度、氢油体积比、体积空速和反应压力等主要工艺条件对反应转化率的影响。得出适宜的工艺条件:在稀释进料,C5/环己烷为1/2,反应入口温度为44℃,氢油体积比(对原料C5)为500∶1,体积空速(对C5原料)为1.0 h-1,反应压力为基准+2.0 MPa,加氢后的C5组分中二烯烃及炔烃总含量小于1.0%。1 000 h的稳定性实验证明该催化剂具有很好的活性稳定性。     

An Amphiphilic BODIPY‐Porphyrin Conjugate: Intense Two‐Photon Absorption and Rapid Cellular Uptake for Two‐Photon‐Induced Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy

The new amphiphilic BODPY‐porphyrin conjugate BZnPP and its precursor BZnPH were synthesised, and their linear and two‐photon photophysical properties, together with their cellular uptake and photo‐cytotoxicity, were studied. This amphiphilic conjugate consists of a hydrophobic BODIPY moiety and a hydrophilic tetra(ethylene glycol) chain bridging a cationic triphenylphosphonium group to an amphiphilic porphyrin ZnP through acetylide linkers at its meso positions. A large two‐photon absorption cross‐section (σ=1725 GM) and a high singlet oxygen quantum yield (0.52) were recorded. Intense linear‐ and two‐photon‐induced red emissions were also observed for both BZnPP and BZnPH. Further in vitro studies showed that BZnPP exhibited very efficient cellular uptake and strong photocytotoxic but weak dark cytotoxic properties towards human breast carcinoma MCF‐7 cells. In summary, the two‐photon‐induced emission and the potent photo‐cytotoxicity of BZnPP make it an efficacious dual‐purpose tumour‐imaging and photodynamic therapeutic agent in the tissue‐transparent spectral windows.