Detergent bars from salts ofa-sulfonated tallow acids

Experimental detergent bars were based entirely on selected salts of α-sulfonated saturated tallow acids. Some compositions appear to merit further investigation for the production of finished detergent bars, and an opportunity exists for the discovery of favorable combinations with soap. General conclusions are these.

1. Attractive detergent bars can be made from the monosodium or monoammonium salt [RCH (SO₃M)CO₂H] by partial neutralization with an amine or mixture of amines. Representative bars had the following compositions in mole percentage, anhydrous basis: a) 72 monosodium, 20 sodium ammonium, 8 sodium triethanolammonium salts; b) 85 monoammonium, 15 ammonium ethanolammonium salts.
2. Hardness and solubility can be controlled by water content and particularly by choice of the amine and the extent of the partial neutralization. Triethanolamine, isopropanolamine, and triethylamine tend to produce softer and more soluble bars than do ethanolamine or ethylamine.
3. The following compositions were suitable for detergent bars useful in sea water: a) 80 mole percentage of disodium 20 acid triethanolammonium; b) 20 monosodium, 50 sodium ammonium, 30 sodium triethanolammonium.

     

外固定支架在开放性耻骨联合分离中的临床应用

目的探讨外固定支架在开放性耻骨联合分离中的临床效果。方法自2005-2009年采用外固定支架治疗开放性耻骨联合分离患者共10例,耻骨联合分离距离平均3.5 cm,平均随访时间15个月（14～28个月）,并根据Majeed骨盆骨折评价标准进行评分。结果 10例患者均获得随访,其中优6例,良3例,可1例,差0例,优良率为90%。2例患者发生钉道反应,经过钉道周围通畅引流、加强钉道护理、口服抗生素后好转。无血管、神经并发症发生。结论外固定支架是一种有效的治疗开放性耻骨联合分离的方法。     

Development of sulfamethoxazole-imprinted polymers for the selective extraction from waters

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is an antibiotic of growing environmental concern. As specific filter material for the extraction of SMX from waters, a series of SMX-imprinted polymers have been synthesised varying their composition parameters, and their efficiency to selectively remove the contaminant SMX from complex polluted water was tested. Most of the developed materials exhibited an excellent uptake of the target pollutant SMX of more than 80% or even 90% and effective separation from selected easily degradable accompanying substances even in complex wastewater mixtures. All the results for SMX uptake and release were compared to the commonly used adsorbent activated carbon (AC).     

Reduction of the porcelain firing temperature by preparation of the raw materials

An innovative way of reduction of firing temperature of porcelain tableware is reached by preparation of raw materials down to submicron- and nanoscaled powder for higher reactivity. In this study a common slurry was ground in an agitator ball mill from d₅₀ = 5.0 μm to 0.9 μm, green bodies were prepared, and glost firing was simulated in a dilatometer. The sintering temperature has been decreased by approximately 180 °C. A reflection between ball mill and agitator ball mill regarding the grinding cost shows no difference which means that the ball mill could be replaced. The energy consumption during the grinding process will be discussed regarding to energy savings resulting from reduced firing temperature. Furthermore a comparison between experimental and literature data will be done. The effect of grinding of raw material is finally evaluated concerning sintering behaviour and material properties.     

Switch energies of electronic and optical switches: a simplecomparative study

A comparison of the switch energies of electrically controlled optical absorption switches and electronic switches is performed. It is shown that in the investigated case with quantum box based absorption switches, the switch energies of the optical switches are generally orders of magnitude larger than those of the electronic switches for very high frequencies. Consequences on integration of optical devices as well as on the potential for photonic switching and processing are briefly discussed     

Scaling of fuzzy controllers using the cross-correlation

The paper deals with the optimal adjustment of input scaling factors for fuzzy controllers (FCs). The method is based on the assumption that in the stationary case an optimally adjusted input scaling factor meets a specific statistical input output dependence. A measure for the strength of statistical dependence is the correlation function and the correlation coefficient, respectively. Without loss of generality, the adjustment of input scaling factors using correlation functions is pointed out by means of a single input-single output (SISO)-system. First, the paper deals with the so-called equivalent gain which is closely connected to the cross-correlation of the controller input and the defuzzified controller output. Next, it considers the computation of correlation functions and their representation inside the FC. The paper concludes with an example of a system of fuzzy rules controlling a redundant robot manipulator     

Experimental determination of phase equilibria in the Fe---Al---C system

The phase equilibria in the Fe---Al---C system have been determined between 800 °C and the liquidus surface. From cast alloys the liquidus surface was established. From electron microprobe analyses (EPMA) of quenched samples three isothermal sections at 800, 1000 and 1200 °C have been obtained. Additional high temperature X-ray diffraction experiments (HT-XRD) yielded three vertical sections and the temperatures of four invariant reactions. The influence of carbon on the transition temperature between the disordered (A2) and the ordered (B2) -solid solution was determined from HT-XRD experiments with single crystals. This transition is shifted remarkably to higher temperatures by the addition of carbon. Special emphasis was placed on establishing the homogeneity range of the K-phase and its dependence on temperature. This dependence is discussed in terms of order/disorder. In addition, the properties of the K-phase, lattice constant as function of chemical composition, microhardness and thermal expansion coefficient , have been determined.     

The Heusler Phase Ti25(Fe50 − x Ni x )Al25 (0 ≤ x ≤ 50); Structure and Constitution

Alloys with composition Ti₂₅(Fe_50 − x Ni _x )Al₂₅ (0 ≤ x ≤ 50) were investigated employing electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and X-ray powder diffraction (XPD). For TiFe₂Al, in situ neutron powder diffraction (ND) was used for the inspection of phase constitution covering the temperature range from 27 °C (300 K) to 1277 °C (1550 K). Combined Rietveld refinement of ND and XPD data for TiFe₂Al revealed that Fe atoms occupy the 8c site in space group Ti with a small amount of Al sharing the 4a site, and the remaining Ti and Al atoms adopting the 4b site. This structural model was successfully applied in the refinement of all alloys Ti₂₅(Fe_50 − x Ni _x )Al₂₅ (0 ≤ x ≤ 50). Partial atom order exists on the Fe-rich side while complete order is observed for the Ni-rich side. Profiles recorded by in situ neutron powder diffraction for TiFe₂Al in the range of investigated temperatures show two phases, namely Heusler phase and MgZn₂-type Laves phase. Diffraction peaks from the Heusler phase dominate the profiles at lower temperatures but at higher temperatures the MgZn₂-type Laves phase is the main phase. No CsCl-type phase was found in the alloy in the investigated temperature range. The thermal expansion coefficient of TiFe₂Al is 1.4552 × 10⁻⁵ K⁻¹.