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11.
Y. N. Osetsky D. J. Bacon N. de Diego 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2002,33(3):777-782
Two types of intrinsic defect, i.e., vacancy and self-interstitial atom (SIA), are formed in metals during irradiation with energetic particles. The evolution
of defect population leads to significant changes in microstructure and causes a number of radiation-induced property changes.
Some phenomena, such as radiation growth of anisotropic materials, are due to anisotropy in the atomic mass transport by point
defects. Detailed information on atomic-scale mechanisms is, therefore, necessary to understand such phenomena. In this article,
we present results of a computer simulation study of mass transport via point defects in alpha-zirconium. The matrix of self-diffusion coefficients and activation energies for vacancy and SIA defects
have been obtained, and different methods of treatment of diffusion have been tested. Molecular dynamics (MD) shows that vacancy
diffusion is approximately isotropic in the temperature range studied (1050 to 1650 K), although some preference for basalplane
diffusion was observed at the lower end of the range. The mechanism of interstitial diffusion changes from one-dimensional
(1-D) in a 〈11
0〉 direction at low temperature (<300 K) to two-dimensional (2-D) in the basal plane and, then, three-dimensional (3-D) at
higher temperatures.
This article is based on a presentation made in the symposium entitled “Defect Properties and Mechanical Behavior of HCP Metals
and Alloys” at the TMS Annual Meeting, February 11–15, 2001, in New Orleans, Louisiana, under the auspices of the following
ASM committees: Materials Science Critical Technology Sector, Structural Materials Division, Electronic, Magnetic & Photonic
Materials Division, Chemistry & Physics of Materials Committee, Joint Nuclear Materials Committee, and Titanium Committee. 相似文献
12.
Osetsky Y. N. Bacon D. J. de Diego N. 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2002,33(13):777-782
Two types of intrinsic defect, i.e., vacancy and self-interstitial atom (SIA), are formed in metals during irradiation with energetic particles. The evolution
of defect population leads to significant changes in microstructure and causes a number of radiation-induced property changes.
Some phenomena, such as radiation growth of anisotropic materials, are due to anisotropy in the atomic mass transport by point
defects. Detailed information on atomic-scale mechanisms is, therefore, necessary to understand such phenomena. In this article,
we present results of a computer simulation study of mass transport via point defects in alpha-zirconium. The matrix of self-diffusion coefficients and activation energies for vacancy and SIA defects
have been obtained, and different methods of treatment of diffusion have been tested. Molecular dynamics (MD) shows that vacancy
diffusion is approximately isotropic in the temperature range studied (1050 to 1650 K), although some preference for basal-plane
diffusion was observed at the lower end of the range. The mechanism of interstitial diffusion changes from one-dimensional
(1-D) in a
direction at low temperature (<300 K) to two-dimensional (2-D) in the basal plane and, then, three-dimensional (3-D) at higher
temperatures.
This article is based on a presentation made in the symposium entitled “Defect Properties and Mechanical Behavior of HCP Metals
and Alloys” at the TMS Annual Meeting, February 11–15, 2001, in New Orleans, Louisiana, under the auspices of the following
ASM committees: Materials Science Critical Technology Sector, Structural Materials Division, Electronic, Magnetic & Photonic
Materials Division, Chemistry & Physics of Materials Committee, Joint Nuclear Materials Committee, and Titanium Committee. 相似文献
13.
Comparison of systematic search and database methods for constructing segments of protein structure 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Fidelis Krzysztof; Stern Peter S.; Bacon David; Moult John 《Protein engineering, design & selection : PEDS》1994,7(8):953-960
Two principal methods of determining the conformation of shortpieces of polypeptide backbone in proteins have been developed:using a database of known structures and systematicallygeneratingall conformations. In this paper, we compare the effectivenessof these two techniques. The completeness of the database forsegments of different lengths is examined and it is found tocontain most conformations for segments seven residues long,but to deteriorate rapidly for longer regions. When the databasesegment is to be incorporated into the rest of a structure,at least seven residues are required to build four new residues,because of the need to positionthe segment relative to the restof the structure.It is found that such positioning using flankingresidues results in large errors in the inserted region. Weconclude that the database method is currently not effectivefor comparative modeling, even for short segments. The systematicsearchprocedure is found to generate almost all structures of shortsegments found in proteinsIn contrast to the database method,low root mean square error structures are obtained for a setof trial segments embedded in the rest of a protein structure.Thus, it should be considered the method of choice. 相似文献
14.
FI Meredith RT Riley CW Bacon DE Williams DB Carlson 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,61(8):1034-1038
The purpose of this study was (i) to determine whether pure fumonisin B1 could be incorporated into, recovered, and detected by high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis from the semipurified Oregon test diet (OTD) used in rainbow trout feeding studies, and (ii) to determine if the incorporated fumonisin B1 was biologically available using the change in free sphingoid bases in liver, kidney, and serum as a mechanism-based biomarker. The results indicate that fumonisin is not easily quantified in the OTD. Recoveries ranged from 12 to 81% of the calculated concentrations based on the fumonisin B1 added to the OTD. However, the fumonisin B1 in the OTD was readily absorbed and biologically active as evidenced by marked increases in free sphinganine in liver, kidney, and serum. The magnitude of the increase in free sphinganine at 100 ppm in the OTD was comparable to that known to be associated with liver toxicity in rats, pigs, and ponies. 相似文献
15.
Roberts Alan H.; Schuler Joanne; Bacon Jane G.; Zimmermann Robert L.; Patterson Robert 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1975,84(3):272
Proposed to (a) replicate earlier findings that human Ss could voluntarily control peripheral skin temperature, (b) test the hypothesis that hypnotic susceptibility and the capacity for absorbed, imaginative attention would enhance autonomic learning and performance, and (c) demonstrate a learning effect, if one exists. A comparison was made with 7 Ss who scored high and 7 Ss who scored low on both a modified version of the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility and the Tellegen Absorption Scale. Auditory feedback was used to train Ss to produce a difference in skin temperature in one hand relative to the other in a direction specified by the E. Large and reliable performance and learning effects were found, but they were unrelated to hypnotic susceptibility or the capacity for absorbed, imaginative attention. Variables that might account for individual differences in learning and performance are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
16.
Ada A. Bacetty Maurice E. Snook Anthony E. Glenn James P. Noe Padmaja Nagabhyru Charles W. Bacon 《Journal of chemical ecology》2009,35(7):844-850
Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) forms a symbiotic relationship with the clavicipitalean fungal endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum. Endophyte-infected grass is tolerant to nematode, but the factors responsible are unknown. One objective of this work was
to determine if root extracts of tall fescue effected chemoreceptor activity of Pratylenchus scribneri by using an in vitro chemoreception bioassay. Another objective was to determine if specific ergot alkaloids (ergovaline, ergotamine, a-ergocryptine,
ergonovine), and loline alkaloids, all produced by the fungal endophyte, altered chemotaxis with this bioassay. Methanolic
extract from roots altered chemotaxis activities in this nematode but only from roots of plants cultured 45 ≥ d, which repelled
nematodes. Extracts prepared from noninfected grasses were attractants. This assay indicated that the alkaloids were either
repellents or attractants. N-formylloline was an attractant at concentrations of 20 μg/ml and lower, while at higher concentrations
it was a repellent. Ergovaline, the major ergot alkaloid produced by the endophyte, was repellent at both high and low concentrations
and caused complete death of the nematodes. 相似文献
17.
In a recent paper [1] a general form of transition model was suggested to describe data which appear to follow two different straight line relationships on opposite sides of an undetermined join point. An alternative model is now considered, the familiar hyperbola, parameterized in a geometrically meaningful form. The two models are fitted to two sets of experimental data for purposes of comparison. In one of the examples account is taken of autocorrelated errors using a procedure suggested by Sredni [13]. 相似文献
18.
PL Gabbott BG Dickie RR Vaid AJ Headlam SJ Bacon 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1997,377(4):465-499
This paper is a light microscopical study describing the detailed morphology and quantitative distribution of local circuit neurones in areas 25, 32, and 24b of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the rat. Cortical interneurones were identified immunocytochemically by their expression of calretinin (CR), parvalbumin (PV), and calbindin D-28k (CB) immunoreactivity. Neurones immunoreactive for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were also investigated, as were interneurones containing reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase activity. Several distinct classes of CR+, PV+, and CB+ neurones were identified; the most frequent were: bipolar/bitufted CR+ cells in upper layer 3; multipolar PV+ neurones in layers 3 and 5; and bitufted/multipolar CB+ neurones in lower layer 3. CB+ neurones resembling Martinotti and neurogliaform cells were also present in layers 5/6. The morphologies and depth distributions of each cell type were consistent across the three areas of mPFC studied. Seven classes of diaphorase-reactive mPFC neurone are described; these cells were composed about 0.8% of the total neurone population and had a peak distribution located in mid- to lower layer 5 in each area. In areas 32 and 25, three defined bands of diffuse NADPH diaphorase staining were located in layer 2 and in upper and deep layer 5. Diaphorase reactivity was very infrequently colocalised with either CR, PV, or CB immunoreactivities. The numerical densities of neurones (N(V), number of cells per mm3) in each layer were calculated stereologically. The mean total neuronal N(V) estimate for areas 25, 32, and 24b was 51,603 +/- 3,324 (mean +/- S.D.; n = 8). Significant interareal differences were detected. From cortical thickness data and neuronal N(V) estimates, the absolute number of neurones under 1 mm2 of cortical surface (N(C)) have been derived. The mean N(C) value for areas 25, 32, and 24b was 57,328 +/- 7,505 neurones. In immunolabelled Nissl-stained sections, CR+ neurones constituted an overall 4.0%, PV+ cells 5.6%, and CB+ 3.4% of the total neurone populations in mPFC. GABA+ cells represented a mean of 16.2% (14.8-17.2%) of neurones in areas 25, 32 and 24b. The absolute numbers of CR+, PV+, CB+, and GABA+ neurones within individual layers in a column of cortex under 1 mm2 of cortical surface (N(L)) have also been derived, with significant interareal differences in N(L) values being detected. The data provide the structural basis for a qualitative and quantitative definition of local cortical circuits in the rat mPFC. 相似文献
19.
Dirk C. Jordan Sarah R. Kurtz Kaitlyn VanSant Jeff Newmiller 《Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications》2016,24(7):978-989
Published data on photovoltaic (PV) degradation measurements were aggregated and re‐examined. The subject has seen an increased interest in recent years resulting in more than 11 000 degradation rates in almost 200 studies from 40 different countries. As studies have grown in number and size, we found an impact from sampling bias attributable to size and accuracy. Because of the correlational nature of this study we examined the data in several ways to minimize this bias. We found median degradation for x‐Si technologies in the 0.5–0.6%/year range with the mean in the 0.8–0.9%/year range. Hetero‐interface technology (HIT) and microcrystalline silicon (µc‐Si) technologies, although not as plentiful, exhibit degradation around 1%/year and resemble thin‐film products more closely than x‐Si. Several studies showing low degradation for copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) have emerged. Higher degradation for cadmium telluride (CdTe) has been reported, but these findings could reflect a convolution of less accurate studies and longer stabilization periods for some products. Significant deviations for beginning‐of‐life measurements with respect to nameplate rating have been documented over the last 35 years. Therefore, degradation rates that use nameplate rating as reference may be significantly impacted. Studies that used nameplate rating as reference but used solar simulators showed less variation than similar studies using outdoor measurements, even when accounting for different climates. This could be associated with confounding effects of measurement uncertainty and soiling that take place outdoors. Hotter climates and mounting configurations that lead to sustained higher temperatures may lead to higher degradation in some, but not all, products. Wear‐out non‐linearities for the worst performing modules have been documented in a few select studies that took multiple measurements of an ensemble of modules during the lifetime of the system. However, the majority of these modules exhibit a fairly linear decline. Modeling these non‐linearities, whether they occur at the beginning‐of‐life or end‐of‐life in the PV life cycle, has an important impact on the levelized cost of energy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
Bacon DR 《IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control》1988,35(2):152-161
A primary calibration method for ultrasonic hydrophones which uses a Michelson interferometer to determine the particle displacement in an ultrasonic field is discussed. The acoustic pressure is derived from this measurement and used to determine the free-field sensitivity of a hydrophone in the frequency range 0.5-15 MHz. The random uncertainty of the method is typically 1%, whereas the systematic uncertainty varies from 2.3 to 6.6% over the frequency range. To obtain this accuracy, the performance of the system has been carefully examined and appropriate correction factors derived. The greatest difficulty in the method lies in determining the frequency response of the optical detection system, and two different approaches have been used to measure this response. Several acoustical effects have also been studied and the calibration procedure modified to take account of them. The calibration results are in agreement with those of other methods and with the theoretically predicted frequency response of a hydrophone. The method has been used to determine the temporal stability of a hydrophone over a period of two years. 相似文献