Peptide YY inhibition of rat gastric enterochromaffin-like cell function

The present study determined tumorigenicity, tumor classification and DNA damage induced in infant mice by benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) or Manufactured Gas Plant (MGP) residues after a single exposure. Male and female B6C3F1 mice were exposed to B[a]P or MGP residue from a single environmental site (MGP-4) and males were also exposed to MGP residue composite from seven different sites (MGP-M7). At 26, 39 and 52 weeks after exposure tumorigenesis was assessed in lung, forestomach and liver. Formation and persistence of DNA adducts were quantified by 32P-postlabeling. Exposure of males to B[a]P induced liver tumors in a dose and time dependent manner. MGP induced more advanced tumors than B[a]P. Only a single liver tumor was found in MGP-4 treated females. No forestomach and few pulmonary adenomas were induced in males or females. MGP-4, MGP-M7 or B[a]P induced DNA adducts in males and females. Adducts in liver, lung and forestomach peaked on different days and decreased at different rates. At 24 h post-exposure, no significant differences in initial DNA adduct levels occurred in males and females exposed to MGP-4 or B[a]P. Lack of DNA damage (adducted DNA) did not account for non-responsiveness of lung and forestomach in B6C3F1 genders as well as in liver in females. MGP tumorigenicity could not be accounted for solely by B[a]P content nor did it reflect additivity of B[a]P and other carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in MGP. Synergy among MGP-PAHs, presence of unidentified carcinogens and/or promoters in MGP may account for MGP potency. The B6C3F1 infant male model is a convenient and rapid assay for assessing MGP liver tumorigenicity and potency.     

Ultralow-voltage boron-doped diamond field emitter vacuum diode

A boron-doped diamond field emitter diode with ultralow turn-on voltage and high emission current is reported. The diamond field emitter diode structure with a built-in cap was fabricated using molds and electrostatic bonding techniques. The emission current versus anode voltage of the capped diamond emitter diode with boron doping, sp² content, and vacuum thermal electric (VTE) treatment shows a very low turn-on voltage of 2 V. A high emission current of 1 μA at an anode voltage of less than 10 V can be obtained from a single diamond tip. The turn-on voltage is significantly lower than comparable silicon field emitters     

The role of glutathione in dopaminergic neuronal survival

An increased production of reactive oxygen species is thought to be critical to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. At autopsy, patients with either presymptomatic or symptomatic Parkinson's disease have a decreased level of glutathione in the substantia nigra pars compacta. This change represents the earliest index of oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease discovered to this point. This study compares the sensitivity of dopaminergic and nondopaminergic neurons in dissociated mesencephalic cultures to the depletion of glutathione. We have found that dopaminergic neurons are more resistant to the toxicity of glutathione depletion than nondopaminergic neurons. The possibility that dopaminergic neurons have a higher baseline glutathione level than nondopaminergic neurons is suggested by measurements of levels of cellular glutathione in a parallel system of immortalized embryonic dopaminergic and nondopaminergic cell lines. We also examined the role of glutathione in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium toxicity. Decreasing the glutathione level of dopaminergic neurons potentiates their susceptibility to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium toxicity, although 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium does not deplete glutathione from primary mesencephalic cultures. Our data suggest that although a decreased glutathione content is not likely to be the sole cause of dopaminergic neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease, decreased glutathione content may act in conjunction with other factors such as 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium to cause the selective death of dopaminergic neurons.     

Matrix unit cell scheduler (MUCS) for input-buffered ATM switches

This paper presents a novel matrix unit cell scheduler (MUCS) for input-buffered asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) switches. The MUCS concept originates from a heuristic strategy that leads to an optimal solution for cell scheduling. Numerical analysis indicates that input-buffered ATM switches scheduled by MUCS can utilize nearly 100% of the available link bandwidth. A transistor-level MUCS circuit has been designed and verified using HSPICE. The circuit features a regular structure, minimal interconnects, and a low transistor count. HSPICE simulation indicates that using 2-μm CMOS technology, the MUCS circuit can operate at clock frequency of 100 MHz     

Statistical estimation of average power dissipation usingnonparametric techniques

In this paper, we present a new statistical technique for estimation of average power dissipation in digital circuits. The present parametric statistical technique estimates the average power based on the assumption that the power distribution can be characterized by a preassumed function. Large error can incur when the assumption is not met. On the other hand, the existing nonparametric technique, although accurate, is too conservative and requires a large sample size in order to achieve convergence. For a good tradeoff between simulation accuracy and computational efficiency, we propose a new nonparametric technique using the properties of the order statistics. It is generally applicable to any type of circuit irrespective of its power distribution function. Compared to the existing nonparametric technique, it is much more computationally efficient since it requires a much smaller sample size to achieve the same accuracy specification. This new technique is implemented in the distribution-independent power estimation tool (DIPE). DIPE is empirically demonstrated to be more robust and accurate than the parametric technique     

纳米聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺微凝胶的光引发聚合

选择具有温敏性的高分子单体N－异丙基丙烯酰胺（N－isopropylacrylamide，NIPAM）为主单体，N，N′－亚甲基双丙烯酰胺（methylenebisacrylamide，MBA）为交联剂，运用光引发无皂乳液聚合的方法合成出粒径小于100nm的高分子微凝胶，并研究了在改变体系组成和条件时微凝胶粒径的变化。结果显示，在乳化剂临界胶束浓度以下，随着乳化剂浓度的提高，微凝胶粒子的粒径不断关小且趋向稳定；相比于热引发，产生的微凝胶具有较高的单分散性而且粒径较小。     

Interdiffusion behavior of Hg in HgTe/CdTe superlattices grown on Cd0.96Zn0.04 Te (211)B substrates by molecular beam epitaxy

Double-crystal x-ray rocking curve (DCRC) and secondary-ion mass-spectroscopy (SIMS) measurements have been performed to investigate the effect of rapid thermal annealing on the interdiffusion behavior of Hg in HgTe/CdTe superlattices grown on Cd_0.96Zn_0.04Te (211)B substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. The sharp satellite peaks of the DCRC measurements on a 100-period HgTe/CdTe (100Å/100Å) superlattice show a periodic arrangement of the superlattice with high-quality interfaces. The negative direction of the entropy change obtained from the diffusion coefficients as a function of the reciprocal of the temperature after RTA indicates that the Hg diffusion for the annealed HgTe/CdTe superlattice is caused by an interstitial mechanism. The Cd and the Hg concentration profiles near the annealed HgTe/CdTe superlattice interfaces, as measured by SIMS, show a nonlinear behavior for Hg, originating from the interstitial diffusion mechanism of the Hg composition. These results indicate that a nonlinear interdiffusion behavior is dominant for HgTe/CdTe superlattices annealed at 190°C and that the rectangular shape of HgTe/CdTe superlattices may change to a parabolic shape because of the intermixing of Hg and Cd due to the thermal treatment.     

Reliability and performance analysis of time – space – time switching networks with multiple separated space switches

Since electronic switching systems usually require very strict reliability requirements as well as good performance objectives, we need to jointly analyse the performance and reliability of switching systems. In this paper, we compare conventional time–space–time switches with single space switches with those with multiple separated space switches, from the viewpoints of reliability and performance. We consider time–space–time switching networks which consist of N incoming time switches, i.e. one NxN space switch, two (N/2)x(N/2) space switches, and four (N/4)x(N/4) space switches. We introduce a Markov reliability model to study the effect of failures and analyse the reliability and performance of three different types of switching networks in terms of average blocking probability and the mean time to unreliable operation, as we vary the offered traffic. As a result, T–S–T switching networks with multiple separated space switches exhibit better performance and reliability than those with single space switches.     

离子注入对Cr12MoV钢表面组织结构和力学性能的影响

研究了Ｃｒ１２ＭｏＶ钢离子注入层的显微组织特征及其对表面性能的影响。结果表明，离子注入使Ｃｒ１２ＭｏＶ钢的表面硬度和耐磨性能得到显著改善，且存在着一个最佳的注入剂量，约为３×１０＾１＾７Ｎ＾＋／ｃｍ＾２左右。离了注入在Ｃｒ１２ＭｏＶ钢表面层中形成了大量细小弥散的第二相粒子，并使α－Ｆｅ晶格发生严重畸变，从而引起材料表面强化。     

Application of condition-based HRA method for a manual actuation of the safety features in a nuclear power Plant

A practical approach to develop a more realistic fault-tree model with a consideration of various conditions endured by a human operator is proposed. In safety-critical systems, the generation failure of an actuation signal is caused by the concurrent failures of the automated systems and an operator action. These two sources of safety signals are complicatedly correlated. The failures of sensors or automated systems will cause a lack of necessary information for a human operator and result in error-forcing contexts such as the loss of corresponding alarms and indications. It is well known that the error-forcing contexts largely affect the operator's performance. An automated system which consists of multiple processing channels and complex components is also affected by the availability of the sensors. This paper proposes a condition-based human reliability assessment (CBHRA) method in order to address these complicated conditions in a practical way. We apply the CBHRA method to the manual actuation of the safety features such as a reactor trip and auxiliary feedwater actuation in Korean Standard Nuclear Power Plants. Even the human error probability of each given condition is simply assumed, the application results prove that the CBHRA effectively accommodates the complicated error-forcing contexts into the fault trees.