光伏水泵系统在我国西部推广应用的可行性分析

介绍了太阳能光伏水泵技术的发展现状及技术水平,并对西部地区的太阳能资源和水资源作了概述。分析了在西部地区推广光伏水泵系统的可行性。用光伏水泵系统解决西部无电地区农牧民的饮水和农业用水是一条经济可行的途径。     

新型硅橡胶膜生物反应器用于有机废水处理的膜传质动力学

用中空纤维型硅橡胶管构造了管束式和卷绕式两种膜器,将它们结合进一个生物反应器系统,用于对废水中的挥发性有机化合物（VOC）进行生物降解处理。本文以甲苯为对象,研究了VOC在这种系统中穿过膜的传质问题。基于液-膜-液的串联阻力概念和质量平衡,构造了一个关于膜总传质系数的简单指数模型,用于传质实验的分析。将甲苯溶于水中模拟有机废水,配制适合于甲苯降解细菌生长的培养液,进行了甲苯从废水穿过膜到培养液中的传质实验,并将细菌移植进培养液进行了生物降解条件下的传质实验。对培养液中细菌存在和不存在两种情况下的甲苯传质实验进行了分析。结果表明,总传质系数的指数模型基本上与实验条件符合,所得到的甲苯的总膜传质系数具有10-6m·s-1数量级,卷绕膜器的总传质系数较管束型的稍高,生物反应条件下的总传质系数又较细菌不存在时的稍高。     

Cross preferences for colors and shapes

Preferences for colors and geometric shapes vary considerably across individuals. Studies have demonstrated these variations in preference separately for colors and shapes, but the relationships between preference variations for colors and shapes are not yet known. By measuring individual preferences for basic colors and shapes, we found that color preferences and shape preferences were partly, but systematically, correlated. People who preferred some simple shapes (e.g., cone, pyramid) tended to prefer some light or warm colors (e.g., yellow, orange). In contrast, people who preferred some complex shapes (e.g., scrambled truncated‐pyramid, scrambled pyramid) tended to prefer some dark or cold colors (e.g., blue, blue‐green). That is, people who like “simple” or “complex” visual features might tend to like “light or warm” or “dark or cold” visual features. These results indicate that individual preferences for colors and shapes might not be independent, but could be correlated and intertwined to some extent. We suggest that the semantic information associated with colors and shapes underlies the cross preferences. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 188–195, 2016     

Investigation of pre- and post-dryout heat transfer of steam-water two-phase flow in a rod bundle

Pre- and post-dryout heat transfer experiments were performed for steam-water two-phase flow in a 5 × 5 rod bundle under conditions of total mass fluxes from 80 to 320 kg/m²s, inlet qualities from 0.1 to 0.8, heat fluxes from 3 to 26 W/cm² and a pressure of 3 MPa. Heater rod surface temperatures or heat transfer coefficients predicted by several correlations were compared with experimental data with emphasis on the applicability of the correlations to the present experimental conditions which were pertinent to thermal-hydraulic conditions during a LOCA in a nuclear reactor. The Chen and Biorge et al. correlations underestimated heat transfer coefficients in the pre-dryout region. The Varone-Rohsenow prediction which accounted for the thermal nonequilibrium effect, calculated heater rod surface temperatures relatively well in the post-dryout region over the whole region of the present experimental conditions. The Dittus-Boelter and Groeneveld correlations predicted heater rod surface temperatures relatively well in the post-dryout region under high total mass flux conditions, but underestimated considerably under low total mass flux conditions.     

Lyotropic mesophase formation in PVA/imogolite mixture

Summary The mesophase formation was observed in the ternary system consisting of a solvent, a rigid rod solute (imogolite), and a randomly coiled polymer chain (poly(vinyl alcohol); PVA). Although the mesophase formation in this system seems to follow qualitatively the scheme presented by Flory, no marked segregation of the two solute component was confirmed. The physical properties of the composite film prepared from this ternary system were also examined.     

Prediction of optical efficacy of vital tooth bleaching using regression analysis

Establishing a colorimetric guideline to predict the effectiveness of tooth bleaching could produce a more reliable dental treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of tooth bleaching and to test the predictability of tooth color changes. A 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching system was used in studies at Harvard University and at Iwate Medical University in Japan. L*, a*, and b* values (CIELAB) for pre‐ and postbleaching were obtained and color differences (ΔE) were calculated. The b* and L* values of the original tooth color indicated a relatively strong to moderate correlation with ΔE values, whereas a* showed a weak correlation. The multiple‐regression equation obtained from the color data of Harvard subjects performed better than the predictive model. The predicted ΔE correlated strongly with the observed ΔE (r = 0.78). The validation of this equation on data collected from Iwate confirmed the strong correlation (r = 0.74). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 390–394, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20048     

The effect of cyclic loading on the apparent cleavage fracture toughness of 1Cr-Mo-V rotor steel

A significant increase in the cleavage fracture toughness of 1Cr-Mo-V rotor steel due to cyclic loading was observed. A new model that is capable of predicting and explaining the observation is proposed. The model combines macroscopic fracture criteria with the assumption that transient flow properties of a material in the cyclic plastic zone can be represented by those of the material subjected to macroscopic low cycle fatigue under fully reversed strain control.     

Model for fracture toughness alteration due to cyclic loading

A new model that is capable of predicting and explaining the effect of cyclic loading on the apparent fracture toughness of materials was developed. The model combines macroscopic fracture criteria with the assumption that transient flow properties of material in the cyclic plastic zone can be simulated by those of macroscopic low cycle fatigue specimens, tested in reversed strain control. Little or no changes in the cleavage fracture toughness due to cyclic loading is predicted or observed for materials that cycle strain harden (e.g., rail steel) and in the fracture toughness of other materials that cycle strain harden (e.g., the commercial 2000 series Al-Cu alloys) and fracture by rupture. However, an increase in the fracture toughness is predicted and observed for materials that cycle strain soften (e.g., 1Cr-Mo-V and 18 Ni 300 maraging steels), irrespective of fracture mode (cleavage or rupture). The changes in the fracture toughness are predicted and observed to increase with both the number of cycles of applied load and the reversed plastic strain range (or stress intensity range for precracked specimens).

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Résumé On a développé un modèle à même de prédire et d'expliquer l'effet de mise en charge cyclique sur la ténacité apparente des matériaux. Ce modèle combine les critères de rupture macroscopique avec l'hypothèse que les propriétés d'écoulement transitoire d'un matériau dans une zone où se produit une déformation plastique cyclique peut être simulée par les propriétés d'éprouvettes de fatique olygocyclique macroscopique essayées en déformation alternée. On ne prédit ni n'observe que peu ou pas de changement de la ténacité à la rupture, par clivage dû à une sollicitation cyclique dans le cas de matériaux qui font état d'un écrouissage cyclique, par exemple les aciers à rail. Il en est de même en ce qui regarde la ténacité à la rupture pour les autres matériaux qui durcissent par écrouissage cyclique, par exemple la série commerciale 2000 des alliages AlCu et qui se rompent de manière ductile. Toutefois, on prédit et on observe un relèvement de la ténacité à la rupture dans le cas de matériaux qui s'adoucissent sous l'effet de déformations cycliques, par exemple les aciers 1 CrMoV et les aciers maraging 18Ni300, quel que soit le mode de rupture, c'est-à-dire par clivage ou par rupture ductile. On peut prédire et l'on observe effectivement un accroissement de la ténacité à la rupture avec le nombre de cycles de la charge appliquée et avec l'étendue de la déformation plastique alternée (ou l'étendue de l'intensité de contrainte dans le cas des échantillons préfissurés).

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(The authors wish to dedicate this paper in memory of the late Professor Alan S. Tetelman.)     

Structural optimization to include material selection

The mini-max dual method ia applied for solving the material selection structural optimization problems. A somewhat general objective function is introduced to consider structural weight and material cost simultaneously. It is expressed by the sum of scaled structural weight and material cost. The present formulation can yield minimum cost and minimum weight designs as two distinct special cases. It is shown that practically useful intermediate optimal designs can exist between the two extremes. Only truss structures are considered as a representative example. One numerical example is provided to illustrate the change in optimal material distribution when various objective functions are employed. A particular advantage in using the dual method for the material selection problem is also described.