Die mikroskopische Untersuchung von Fleisch- und Wurstwaren

Zusammenfassung Die Ergebnisse der chemischen Untersuchung von Fleisch- und Wurstwaren sind als ausschließliche Grundlage für ihre Beurteilung durchaus ungenügend; denn wir können noch nicht annähernd sämtliche chemischen Einzelbestandteile des Fleisches und der Wurstwaren mittels der im praktischen Laboratorium anwend aren Methoden nachweisen und noch viel weniger diese Einzelbestandteile quantitativ ermitteln. Es läßt sich aber auch im allgemeinen durch die chemische Untersuchung allein nicht feststellen, ob eine unter bestimmten Namen in den Handel gebrachte Ware die in diesem Namen zum Ausdruck gebrachten Fleischbestandteile tatsächlich enthält, wie z. B., ob Leberwurst Leber enthält, ferner ob minderwertige oder verbotene Organund Gewebeteile beigemischt sind oder nicht.Daher ist die mikroskopische Untersuchung, besonders in gerichtlichen Fällen, unerläßlich.Die nur auf mikroskopischem Wege erreichbare Kenntnis der in Fleisch und Wurstwaren enthaltenen Gewebe und Organe erleichtert bezw. ermöglicht die Beurteilung von Fleisch- und Wurstwaren nicht nur in vorgenannter Richtung, sondern sie erleichtert auch sehr wesentlich die Beurteilung ihres Gesamtwertes. Dieser ist verschieden je nach dem Vorhandensein der mikroskopisch nachzuweisenden Gewebe bezw. Organe und nach deren Wassergehalt. Letzterer wiederum ist z. B. bei Muskelfleisch konstanter und liegt in engeren Grenzen als bei den drüsigen Organen; im elastischen Bindegewebe ist er bedeutend niedriger als im kollagenen Bindegewebe oder im Muskelfleisch.In der vorliegenden Arbeit ist der Versuch gemacht, die mikroskopischen Schnitte der wichtigsten in Betracht kommenden Gewebe und Organe in gekochtem Zustande so zu charakterisieren, daß sie in Gemischen einwandfrei identifiziert werden können.Die Technik der mikroskopischen Untersuchung von Fleisch- und Wurstwaren ist unter Angabe bewährter Verfahren eingehend dargestellt.     

Contact Doping for Vertical Organic Field‐Effect Transistors

Doping is a powerful tool to overcome contact limitations in short‐channel organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) and has been successfully used in the past to improve the charge carrier injection in OFETs. The present study applies this familiar concept to the architecture of vertical organic field‐effect transistors (VOFETs), which are often severely limited by injection due to their very short channel lengths. The present study shows that the performance of p‐type VOFETs with pentacene as an active material can be significantly enhanced by the addition of the common p‐dopant C₆₀F₃₆ as a thin injection layer underneath the VOFET source electrode, resulting in an increase of On‐state current and On/Off ratio by one order of magnitude. The present study further investigates mixed injection layers of pentacene and the p‐dopant and finds that the improvement is less pronounced than for the pure dopant layers and depends on the concentration of dopant molecules in the injection layer. Through application of the transfer length method to equivalent OFET geometries, the present study is finally able to link the observed improvement to a decrease in transfer length and can thus conclude that this length is a crucial parameter onto which further improvement efforts have to be concentrated to realize true short‐channel VOFETs.     

Serum Proteomics in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer: Peripheral Blood Immune Response to Treatment

In this real-world study, the aims were to prospectively evaluate the expression of inflammatory proteins in serum collected from head and neck cancer patients before and after treatment, and to assess whether there were differences in expression associated with treatment modalities. The mixed study cohort consisted of 180 patients with head and neck cancer. The most common tumor sites were the oropharynx (n = 81), the oral cavity (n = 53), and the larynx (n = 22). Blood tests for proteomics analysis were carried out before treatment, 7 weeks after the start of treatment, and 3 and 12 months after the termination of treatment. Sera were analyzed for 83 proteins using an immuno-oncology biomarker panel (Olink, Uppsala, Sweden). Patients were divided into four treatment groups: surgery alone (Surg group, n = 24), radiotherapy with or without surgery (RT group, n = 94), radiotherapy with concomitant cisplatin (CRT group, n = 47), and radiotherapy with concomitant targeted therapy (RT Cetux group, n = 15). For the overall cohort, the expression levels of 15 of the 83 proteins changed significantly between the pretreatment sample and the sample taken 7 weeks after the start of treatment. At 7 weeks after the start of treatment, 13 proteins showed lower expression in the CRT group compared to the RT group. The majority of the inflammatory proteins had returned to their pretreatment levels after 12 months. It was clearly demonstrated that cisplatin-based chemoradiation has immunological effects in patients with head and neck cancer. This analysis draws attention to several inflammatory proteins that are of interest for further studies.     

Chloride and Indium‐Chloride‐Complex Inorganic Ligands for Efficient Stabilization of Nanocrystals in Solution and Doping of Nanocrystal Solids

Here, the surface functionalization of CdSe and CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals (NCs) with compact chloride and indium‐chloride‐complex ligands is reported. The ligands provide not only short interparticle distances but additionally control doping and passivation of surface trap states, leading to enhanced electronic coupling in NC‐based arrays. The solids based on these NCs show an excellent electronic transport behavior after heat treatment at the relatively low temperature of 190 °C. Indeed, the indium‐chlorido‐capped 4.5 nm CdSe NC based thin‐film field‐effect transistor reaches a saturation mobility of μ = 4.1 cm² (V s)^?1 accompanied by a low hysteresis, while retaining the typical features of strongly quantum confined semiconductor NCs. The capping with chloride ions preserves the high photoluminescence quantum yield ( ≈ 66%) of CdSe/CdS core/shell NCs even when the CdS shell is relatively thin (six monolayers). The simplicity of the chemical incorporation of chlorine and indium species via solution ligand exchange, the efficient electronic passivation of the NC surface, as well as their high stability as dispersions make these materials especially attractive for wide‐area solution‐processable fabrication of NC‐based devices.     

Adaptive controller placement for wireless sensor–actuator networks with erasure channels

Wireless sensor–actuator networks offer flexibility for control design. One novel element which may arise in networks with multiple nodes is that the role of some nodes does not need to be fixed. In particular, there is no need to pre-allocate which nodes assume controller functions and which ones merely relay data. We present a flexible architecture for networked control using multiple nodes connected in series over analog erasure channels without acknowledgments. The control architecture proposed adapts to changes in network conditions, by allowing the role played by individual nodes to depend upon transmission outcomes. We adopt stochastic models for transmission outcomes and characterize the distribution of controller location and the covariance of system states. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed architecture has the potential to give better performance than limiting control calculations to be carried out at a fixed node.     

The bank loan approval decision from multiple perspectives

This paper develops a probability model to evaluate the predictive validity of two-way classification schemes in the context of personal credit scoring and bank loan applications. The Bayesian decision model provides a structure for identifying classification rules that lead to optimal-maximum expected payoff or minimum expected cost-classifications. Using payoffs from multiple perspectives allows identifying conditions where the various perspectives produce contradictory classifications generating either profit premiums or cost penalties depending on the perspective.